基于背景间运算的部分已知概念构造

概念是利用形式概念分析进行知识获取的基础。在不完备形式背景中,为了表达“一定具有”以及“可能具有”的关系,概念的外延或内涵通常以区间集的形式表达,称这样的概念为部分已知概念。由部分已知概念的定义可知,其本质与不完备背景的最小和最大完备化有关,因而考虑对最小和最大完备化背景进行运算来寻找部分已知概念。通过将不完备形式背景的最小完备化与最大完备化分别进行并置和叠置构造两个新背景,其概念格分别同构于SE-ISI概念格和ISE-SI概念格,从而提出了构建SE-ISI概念格和ISE-SI概念格的新方法。对于ISE-ISI概念,使用不完备形式背景的最小与最大完备化的直和运算构造了新的形式背景,基于此背景提出了寻找ISE-ISI概念的方法。

基于知网相关概念场的中文词向量

词向量是词的低维稠密实数向量表示,在自然语言处理的各项任务中都扮演了重要角色。目前词向量大多都是通过构造神经网络模型,在大规模语料库上以无监督学习的方式训练得到,这样的模型存在着两个问题:一是低频词词向量的语义表示质量较差;二是忽视了知识库可以对该模型提供的帮助。该文提出了利用知网相关概念场来提升词向量语义表示质量的模型。实验结果表明,在词语相似度任务、词语相关度任务和词语类比任务上,该模型使得斯皮尔曼相关性系数和准确率都得到了显著的提升。

智障学生在知动数学课堂中建立数概念的策略研究

本文针对智障教育知动数学课堂中数概念教学存在的问题进行研究。以知动训练为手段,提出准确评估儿童现有知动能力,确定发展阶段和长短期目标;将粗大动作训练活动融入生活;及时肯定学生的成功和进步,激发学生训练兴趣;家校共训等策略来帮助智障学生建立数概念。

属人觉、知的分析系统

属人觉知，分为感性觉知与理性觉知，和二者相统一的总体性──觉知系统。这三者的逻辑内容和联系，都是在属人觉知的主客观关系上展开的，而最终归结为属人统觉的观念。本文表达了一个认识论的一般缩影，同时也包含了一个存在论的缩影。

Concept-based approach for information retrieval

A concept-based approach is expected to resolve the word sense ambiguities in information retrieval and apply the semantic importance of the concepts, instead of the term frequency, to representing the contents of a document. Consequently, a formalized document framework is proposed. The document framework is used to express the meaning of a document with the concepts which are expressed by high semantic importance. The framework consists of two parts： the ＂domain＂ information and the ＂situation ＆ background＂ information of a document. A document-extracting algorithm and a two-stage smoothing method are also proposed. The quantification of the similarity between the query and the document framework depends on the smoothing method. The experiments on the TREC6 collection demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach in information retrieval tasks. The average recall level precision of the model using the proposed approach is about 10% higher than that of traditional ones.

Study of Teaching Methods of Conceptual Metaphors

The application of conceptual metaphor theories to the teaching of English reading and vocabulary provides a new field of research to foreign language teaching. This paper analyzes the possibility of metaphor teaching through a small scale case study. It shows that the individual difference should be emphasized in metaphor teaching. This paper also provides empirical study evidences for the further research in the future.

从图式论看窄式阅读的作用

将新事物与已知的概念、过去的经历等联系起来是理解新事物过程中很关键的一步。利用窄式阅读 ,可以积累相关话题的词汇和知识 ,以及相关体裁文章的语篇模式 ,并使之成为“已知概念”,从而有利于人们在阅读过程中对输入的相关新信息进行分析加工 ,有利于加快阅读的进程 。

On the conceptual metaphor of color terms： A typological view

In different languages and cultures, color terms usually indicate their specific cultural concepts and metaphorical implicature. This paper makes a typological study on the universality and relativity of the Conceptual Metaphors （CM） of color terms in different languages. It attempts to explore the cognitive differences and similarities in the process of categorization and metaphorization of color terms of oriental and western peoples. It proposes that the CM system of color terms is determined by the interactivity of three factors as neurophysiologic mechanisms, general cognitive psychological mechanisms and socio-cultural selective mechanisms. The CM of color terms in different languages carry their specific cognitive characteristics and cultural values, and reflect self-similarity of the language and culture.

从图式论看“窄式听力”在雅思听力教学中的作用

雅思听力以场景的多样性和重复性为其显著特点。利用已知的概念或过去的经历是理解新事物过程中关键的一步。文章从图式论的角度探讨在雅思英语听力课堂中,利用"窄式听力"帮助学生积累相关主题的词汇和背景知识,并使之成为"已知概念",从而加速学习者在听力过程中对输入的新信息进行解码、重组和储存。

Information： From Philosophic to Physics Concepts for Informational Modeling of Consciousness

Information was a frequently used concept in many fields of investigation. However, this concept is still not really understood, when it is referred for instance to consciousness and its informational structure. In this paper it is followed the concept of information from philosophical to physics perspective, showing especially how this concept could be extended to matter in general and to the living in particular, as a result of the intimate interaction between matter and information, the human body appearing as a bipolar informed-matter structure. It is detailed on this way how this concept could be referred to consciousness, and an informational modeling of consciousness as an informational system of the human body is presented. Based on the anatomic architecture of the organism and on the inference of the specific information concepts, it is shown that the informational system of the human body could be described by seven informational subsystems, which are reflected in consciousness as corresponding cognitive centers. These results are able to explain the main properties of consciousness, both the cognitive and extra-cognitive properties of the mind, like that observed during the near-death experiences and other similar phenomena. Moreover, the results of such a modeling are compared with the existing empirical concepts and models on the energetic architecture of the organism, showing their relevance for the understanding of consciousness.

理论智慧的能力之维——从金岳霖到布兰顿

“智慧”是一个历史悠久的哲学议题,在当代一度被边缘化,近年来英美认识论又重新开启了对这个话题的热议。但是,大量文献只聚焦于实践智慧的讨论,而对理论智慧关注不足。其实早在亚里士多德那里,就已有了对理论智慧足够的重视。针对理论智慧,大多数当代学者仍无法摆脱认识论研究聚焦命题性知识的偏见,将理论智慧刻画为命题性知识。在儒家、金岳霖、怀特海的理论智慧观中已经蕴含了理论智慧的能力维度,同时可以借助布兰顿的思想构建一种基于“概念能力之知”的理论智慧观以进一步发展这个线索。这种立足“概念能力之知”的理论智慧能够呼应金岳霖的智慧“求通”理念。

Development of Conceptual Framework for Knowledge Management Process

Knowledge has become one of the most important driving forces for business success. Organizations are becoming more knowledge intensive. Many firms in the global market are aware of this, and they try to explore the field of knowledge management （KM） in order to improve and sustain their competitiveness. Knowledge has always been the central in the functioning of society. However, in today＇s ＂knowledge economy＂, organizations are increasingly aware of the need for a ＂knowledge focus＂ in their organizational strategies as they respond to changes in the environment. The aim of this paper is to describe the theoretical concepts and approaches of KM process that could be implemented in organizations by reviewing KM process theories and present suggestions for what a general process should include based on analysis of various models presented in KM. The main emphasis is laid upon the concept of goal definition review, validation, and knowledge training processes in order to make sure that KM process initiative will deliver competitive advantage to the organization.

Multi-disciplinary Conceptual Design Knowledge of Multi-stage Hybrid Rocket Using Data Mining Technique

This paper deals with the application of data mining techniques to the conceptual design knowledge for a LV （launch vehicle） with a HRE （hybrid rocket engine）. This LV is a concept of the space transportation, which can deliver micro-satellite to the SSO （sun-synchronous orbit）. To design the higher performance LV with HRE, the optimum size of each component, such as an oxidizer tank containing liquid oxidizer, a combustion chamber containing solid fuel, a pressurizing tank and a nozzle, should be acquired. The Kriging based ANOVA （analysis of variance） and SOM （self-organizing map） are employed as data mining techniques for knowledge discovery. In this study, the paraffin （FT-0070） is used as a propellant of HRE. Then, the relationship among LV performances and design variables are investigated through the analysis and the visualization. To calculate the engine performance, the regression rate is computed based on an empirical expression. The design knowledge is extracted for the design knowledge of the multi-stage LV with HRE by analysis using ANOVA and SOM. As a result, the useful design knowledge on the present design problem is obtained to design HRE for space transportation.

浅谈小学信息技术课教学方法

作为一名小学教师,如何把计算机知识既深入浅出又活泼生动地教给学生,很值得我们在教学活动中进行研究。我在多年的教学实践中也作了一些探索,得到一点点体会。

THE ROLE OF CONCEPTUAL FLUENCY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING

Danesi advocates that conceptual fluency should be the aim of foreign language teaching. This paper propounds its theoretical basis by reflecting on the philosophical and linguistic trends in modern era, and points out the defects of Danesi's theory, insisting that conceptual fluency should be built on both the lexical and grammatical levels. It then exemplifies the implementation of the theory in actual teaching practice.

An integrated cognitive computing approach for systematic conceptual design

Conceptual design plays an important role in product life cycle, which requires engineers to use sound design theory, cross-disciplinary knowledge, and complex technical support to acquire design concepts. However, the lack of sufficient computational tools makes it difficult for designers to fully explore in the wide design solution spaces. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated cognitive computing approach to formalize the cognitive activities of conceptual design. A cognitive computing model composed of concept associative memory, concept generation, and decision-making process is established based on the integration of cognitive psychology and engineering design. First of all, the Hopfield neural network is used to acquire similar concept solutions for specific subfunctions from a knowledge base. Then, morphological matrix and genetic algorithm are introduced to produce a set of feasible candidate solutions in the concept generation process. Furthermore, a technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution is applied to evaluate the generated concept solutions and obtain the optimal solution automatically. Finally, a case study is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.

From the lab to the world： The paradigmatic assumption and the functional cognition of avian foraging

Mechanisms of animal learning and memory were traditionally studied without reference to niche-specific functional considerations. More recently, ecological demands have informed such investigations, most notably with respect to foraging in birds. In parallel, behavioural ecologists, primarily concerned with functional optimization, have begun to consider the role of mechanistic factors, including cognition, to explain apparent deviations from optimal predictions. In the present paper we discuss the application of laboratory-based constructs and paradigms of cognition to the real-world challenges faced by avian foragers. We argue that such applications have been handicapped by what we term the ＇paradigmatic assumption＇ - the assumption that a given laboratory paradigm maps well enough onto a congruent cognitive mechanism （or cognitive ability） to justify confiation of the two. We present evidence against the paradigmatic assumption and suggest that to achieve a profitable integration between function and mechanism, with respect to animal cognition, a new conceptualization of cognitive mechanisms - functional cogni- tion - is required. This new conceptualization should define cognitive mechanisms based on the informational properties of the animal＇s environment and the adaptive challenges faced. Cognitive mechanisms must be examined in settings that mimic the im- portant aspects of the natural environment, using customized tasks designed to probe defined aspects of the mechanisms＇ opera- tion. We suggest that this approach will facilitate investigations of the functional and evolutionary relevance of cognitive mecha- nisms, as well as the patterns of divergence, convergence and specialization of cognitive mechanisms within and between species .

The comparison study of Chinese and American secondary school students’knowledge structure—an experimental research based on concept map assessment technique

A concept map is a schematic device for representing a set of concept meanings embedded in a framework of propositions.It can be used to evaluate students’knowledge structure.This article introduces the comparative study of Chinese and American secondary school students’knowledge structure.They are compared quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of mean score,individual proposition scores,proposition choice and map structure.The results indicate that students’knowledge structures in the two countries are remarkably different.Compared with American students,Chinese students’ability to take an exam is stronger and their mean score is higher.However,Chinese students need to improve their general knowledge and creativity although their basic knowledge is solid and they are better in mastering discipline knowledge and knowledge application.