建筑模型 “物质化的构想”

模型是各种学科普遍使用的一种方法,尤其在通过逐步优化迭代来完成目标的领域——譬如建筑学中。相对于模型在建筑实践中的流行,它的理论梳理近乎空白。本文中奥克斯林教授旁征博引地回溯了模型的概念发展和理论沿革,并藉此讨论其之为方法的本质特征。

General dynamic model for educational assembling-type robot and its fast simulation algorithm

To realize automatic modeling and dynamic simulation of the educational assembling-type robot with open structure, a general dynamic model for the educational assembling-type robot and a fast simulation algorithm are put forward. First, the educational robot system is abstracted to a multibody system and a general dynamic model of the educational robot is constructed by the Newton-Euler method. Then the dynamic model is simplified by a combination of components with fixed connections according to the structural characteristics of the educational robot. Secondly, in order to obtain a high efficiency simulation algorithm, based on the sparse matrix technique, the augmentation algorithm and the direct projective constraint stabilization algorithm are improved. Finally, a numerical example is given. The results show that the model and the fast algorithm are valid and effective. This study lays a dynamic foundation for realizing the simulation platform of the educational robot.

Study of the Mode of Cost-sharing by Indi-viduals for Higher Education in China

In recent years, financial crises of higher education have become universal. The policy of cost-sharing by in- dividuals was tried out in many countries. However, empirical studies have shown that the policy has, to a certain de- gree, negative effects for the poor in accepting higher education costs. This paper points out it is the mismatch between tuition fees and the ability to pay that causes the problem. Using two dimensions of group and time to pay, a mode sys- tem, including seven modes for the individual to share the cost of higher education, was constructed. It is suggested that only three modes of pay-immediately have been carried out in China and they all have same shortcomings. To try new modes and exercise different modes synthetically will be meaningful for solving the questions that exist in the current policy.

Educational Practices in the Model of Music Learning Theory of E. Edwin Gordon： An Observational Research

This paper analyzes the supervision activity, to which educators and teachers enrolled with AIGAM （Gordon Italian Association for the Musical Learning） are subject to every year and intends to verify the application of those principles expressed in the learning model of the MLT （Music Learning Theory） developed by educational psychologist E. Edwin Gordon （1989, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2007） and promoted internationally by various institutions and organizations specifically accredited. It describes the influence of the videotaped supervision on the process, functions of monitoring, and evaluation of educational practices, starting with an empirical model that has guided the interventions in a study of supervision on training aimed at consolidating and developing professional skills in music education in early childhood. This paper sought to understand： the kind of practices, interactions, communications developing during an educational actions, the existence of a consistent relationship between the principles expressed in the MLT and their application, the type and benefits of supervision performed by of video recording on stakeholders in terms of change in professional behavior, and finally whether the active supervision could be comparable with other kinds of approaches.

Constructive thinking,rational intelligence and irritable bowel syndrome

AIM： To evaluate rational and experiential intelligence in irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） sufferers. METHODS： We recruited 100 subjects with IBS as per Rome 11 criteria （50 consulters and 50 non-consulters） and 100 healthy controls, matched by age, sex and educational level. Cases and controls completed a clinical questionnaire （including symptom characteristics and medical consultation） and the following tests： rational- intelligence （Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition）; experiential-intelligence （Constructive Thinking Inventory）; personality （NEO personality inventory）; psychopathology （MMPI-2）, anxiety （state-trait anxiety inventory） and life events （social readjustment rating scale）. Analysis of variance was used to compare the test results of IBS-sufferers and controls, and a logistic regression model was then constructed and adjusted for age, sex and educational level to evaluate any possible association with IBS. RESULTS： No differences were found between IBS cases and controls in terms of IQ （102.0 ± 10.8 vs 102.8 ± 12.6）, but IBS sufferers scored significantly lower in global constructive thinking （43.7± 9.4 vs 49.6 ± 9.7）. In the logistic regression model, global constructive thinking score was independently linked to suffering from IBS [OR 0.92 （0.87-0.97）], without significant OR for total IQ. CONCLUSION： IBS subjects do not show lower rational intelligence than controls, but lower experiential intelligence is nevertheless associated with IBS.

Analyzing the Relationships Between Factors Affecting Adolescents＇ Happiness in OECD Countries

The aim of this study is to investigate the causal relationships between key factors relating to education that affect the happiness of adolescents, and to put forward policy suggestions wherewith 20 OECD countries may raise their levels of adolescent happiness. The HBSC score of adolescents from 20 OECD countries was selected as an indicator for happiness, and a number of independent variables such as per capita GDP and per capita educational expenditure were included in the analysis. A structural equation model was employed for the analysis. The research results show that the variables that directly affected happiness were per capita educational expenditure, educational decentralization level, number of students per teacher, and others. Of these, per capita educational expenditure had the greatest influence. Of the paths to adolescent happiness, those that contained a significant indirect effect were ＂per capita GDP → per capita educational expenditure → happiness＂ and ＂educational decentralization → number of students per teacher → happiness＂, which were significant at the level ofp 〈 0.05. Compiling the paths toward adolescent happiness focusing on the significance of these direct and indirect effects shows that the ＂per capita GDP →per capita educational expenditure → happiness＂ path has the greatest effect.

Effectiveness of quality physical education in improving students' manipulative skill competency

Purpose： This study aimed to examine the extent to which the quality physical education teaching （QPET） practices contributed to improving 4th- and 5th-grade students＇ manipulative skill competency. Methods： Participants were 9 elementary physical education （PE） teachers and their 4th- and 5th-grade students （n = 2709 3420）. The students＇ skill competency was assessed with 3 manipulative skills using PE metrics assessment rubrics. The PE teachers＇ levels of QPET were assessed by coding 63 videotaped lessons using the assessing quality teaching rubrics （AQTR）, which consisted of 4 essential dimensions including task design, task presentation, class management, and instructional guidance. Codes were confirmed through inter-rater reliability （82.4%, 84.5%, and 94%）. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, multiple R2 regression models, and independent sample t tests. Results： This study indicated that the 4 essential dimensions of QPET were all significant contributors to students＇ manipulative skill competency. These predictors were significantly higher for boys than for girls in soccer and striking skills, while they were significantly higher for girls than for boys in throwing skill competency. Of the 4 essential dimensions of QPET, task presentation played the most significant role in contributing to all 3 skill competencies for both boys and girls. Further, students who experienced high QPET were significantly more skillfully competent than those students who did not have this experience. Conclusion： It was concluded that the QPET practices played a significantly critical role in contributing to students＇ manipulative skill competency.

Design and Implementation of RBAC Model Based on Graduate Education Management System

After analysis of the existing problems of traditional RBAC model, user group and resource domain are introduced to conduct finely granular extension of RBAC model. Extended model reduces the redundancy of roles, lowers the complexity of authorization management and enhances the flexibility and maintainability of users＇ authorization. It is well proved in its application in postgraduate student management system.

Application of Flipped Classroom Teaching Model in English Teaching in Vocational Colleges

Although vocational college students have already had many years of English education, their foundation of English study is not satisfactory. Many vocational college students are not very interested in English study. There are many factors that cause this situation and some measures are taken to change This situation is also very important. Facts have proved that the introduction of flip classroom teaching mode can provide new ideas for improving higher vocational English teaching. This article is based on the topic of research, hoping to provide some methods for higher vocational English teaching reform.

Primary Educational Productivity ： A Study Based on Stochastic Frontier Educational Production Function Model

This paper builds a stochastic frontier educational production function model, estimating the primary educational productivity with annual data of 31 provinces from 2007 to 2011. The conclusions are as follows： （1） in educational production function, output elasticity of public educational expenditure exceeds private educational expenditure＇s. The degrees of contribution of public and private educational expenditure reflect that China should increase public educational expenditure. （2） regional educational technical efficiency is affected by both structure of educational expenditure and levels of regional economic growth. Primary educational technical efficiency of east, middle and west regions all tended to fall down during 2007 to 2011.

The Model of Open and Distance Learning for Teaching Indonesian Through Socio-Cultural Approach and Psychological Aspects to Students of Indonesian for Foreign

This study aims to find out the effect of the model of ODL （Open and Distance Learning） for teaching Indonesian for foreign and whether this model of ODL implements socio-cultural and psychological approaches. The students＇ learning of Indonesian for foreign is in so many aspects that it must be considered from both psychological aspects of students＇ language and cultural aspects. The research was carried out on foreign students＇ studying Indonesian language. The research method used action research. ODL model developed this concerning how the students are anxious in foreign language learning and language use in accordance with Indonesian culture. The model of ODL for teaching foreign Indonesian uses the Internet facilities such as email, Skype, VolP, Google Talk, circulating document with comments, chat, forum, CD, audio-video, stream media player, and e-learning system. Based on the results of this study which is that students study the model ODL for teaching Indonesian through socio-cultural approach and psychological aspects and students of Indonesian for foreign improve their ability to use the Indonesian language, students are able to converse fluently in Indonesian in accordance with Indonesian culture

A Study on the Evaluation Method and Evaluation Model of the Effectiveness of Consumer Financial Education

With the understanding of the importance of financial education and research, the study of the effectiveness of financial education is more and more, but there have been debate on the effectiveness of financial education and education costs. This paper summarizes and classifies the methods and models to improve the effective research of financial education, including improving the effectiveness of financial education and improving the effectiveness of financial education through the design of different educational methods. The guiding principles of the evaluation of the effectiveness of financial consumer education proposed by the International Financial Consumers＇ Education Network （INFE） and the guidance of our government on the evaluation of the effectiveness of financial education.

Analysis on Constructing College Students＇ Employment Ability Influence Factor Model

It makes an empirical study of college students＇ employment ability and influence factor situation. Based on the questionnaire of 388 graduates of different subjects, through the explorative Ihctors and confirmatory factor analysis, it finds that the college students＇ employment ability influence factor model includes employment quality and employment expectation of 13 factors, and the model fitting is better. The employment ability influence factor model of college students is good for university education, enterprise recruitment strategy adjustment and students＇ self development.

The Experience of Setting up a New Learning Environment Model in Management Education： Challenges and Frustrations

The aim of this paper is to describe and to reflect on the experience of the authors in setting up a new model of learning environment in management education in a University in Brazil, which was initially called Management Practice Laboratory （MPL）. The MPL environment was conceived as a physical and conceptual space where students could learn and practice the principles and techniques of working in organizations in its three levels operational, tactical, and strategic. The foundations of the project come from social constructivist perspective on learning, from experiential learning literature and from researches that call for a new epistemological ground in management learning. In this paper, the authors will stress some challenges and frustrations with the project since these could be helpful to those interested in similar initiatives. Due to limited space, only two challenges will be stressed： （1） the construction of legitimacy for the project; and （2） the persistent dissonance between theory and practice. The authors conclude that there is room for innovation in the way management is taught and learned in universities since one shows courage to overcome the challenges and frustrations one will certainly deal with

Participation of Women in the Economic Activity in Cameroon

The aim of this paper is to put forward the explanatory factors of the participation of women in the economic activity in the Cameroonian context characterized by an important and persistent gender gap in terms of participation in the economic activity （more men than women）. The authors carried out, on the basis of data resulting from the DHS-MICS 2011, an analysis using the binomial logistic model. It comes out from this analysis that the significant explanatory variables are the age （which plays at the same time the role of variable of control）, the religion, the ethnic group, the size of the household, the relationship with the head of household, the educational level （of the woman and the husband/partner）, the occupational status of the husband/partner, the household＇s standard of living, and the marital status. According to the results obtained, it would be important to set up policies intended to reinforce the professionalization of the young woman and to fight against the sexist sociocultural norms and practices advocating the ＂sexual division＂ of labor.

The Realistic Review on Elementary School Mathematics Teaching Reform

It is of benefit to the development of the elementary school quality-oriented mathematics education to deepen the elementary school mathematics classroom teaching reform and review the fruits of classroom teaching. In this paper, the author, with his own teaching practice, has summarized and reviewed the fruits of elementary school classroom teaching reform in four respects： 1） ＂integration of theory with practice＂ should be highlighted in this reform; 2） the classroom teaching should focus on the improvement of students＂ ＂mathematical thinking ability＂;3） mathematics classroom teaching should conform to the reality of our daily life; and 4） mathematics classroom teaching should help the students to build the ＂mathematical model thinking＂.

A Model to Analyze Small and Medium Enterprises＇ Training Needs Related to the Internationalization

Formal training can play a particularly important role in supporting the internationalization of small and medium enterprises （SMEs）. However, the demand for education services by the latter still appears limited. This is due to known structural and cultural limits that are found widely in this type of business and to the fact that the provision of training---especially that which is funded^oes not seem to address adequately SMEs＇ needs; in many cases, such training is not stimulating, because it is perceived as too general. In fact, SMEs do not constitute a single homogeneous group and therefore assistance needs vary among the different types of firms. So, especially in relation to internationalization, it is clear that there are important differences to consider due to the variety of approaches and ways of developing this process. In order to optimize the resources to invest in the promotion of training, there is a need to find a proper balance between providing ＂viable solutions for all businesses＂ and offering ＂targeted responses and tailored services＂. In such a context, the main objective of this paper is to identify and systematize the variables that most influence the SMEs＇ training needs related to internationalization by taking into account the differences among them. To this end, an empirical analysis was developed involving a significant number of Italian SMEs by using a combination of qualitative research methods. The results show the critical issues faced by the investigated firms during their internationalization process and highlight some important variables that affect their training needs： export involvement, characteristics of the product/market, characteristics of the company, exporting strategy, and human resources. Based on these variables, the writers identified clusters of firms characterized by similar needs and problems to be faced.

Tangents on TV： The Tangential Relationship of Narrative and Educational Content in Children＇s Television Through the Capacity Model

Previous studies have shown that children learn from educational television; however, these studies have not explored how closely the educational content of the program is integrated to the narrative. The following study uses a systematic content analysis of 100 top-rated U.S. children＇s television programs to explore the tangential relationship （i.e., distance） of narrative and educational content through the lens of the capacity model--which is built upon three basic components： narrative content, educational content, and the distance between them. Programs were analyzed for distance by examining lesson clarity and integration, show type, target audience age, and station type. One-way ANOVAs indicates significant differences between the means of these variables. Programs targeting younger children presented educational content that was closely integrated into the plotline of the program and helped further the story. However, as the target audience aged, the educational content became more tangential to the narrative content and was less tied to the plotline of the program.

A Holistic Model for the Development of Entrepreneurial Competencies of the Entrepreneur XXI： The Tree Model

In the present article it will be critically questioned the traditional entrepreneurship education approaches based on a narrow conception of competency, and their values. Assuming the perspective that to be an entrepreneur is basically an attitude towards life and the world, there proposed holistic, constructivist and experiential processes and strategies for entrepreneurship education. The ＂entrepreneur XXI＂, must be able to undertake a social function of change, so, an economical and social development more human, ethical and intelligent. Under this assumption, the ＂Tree Model for the Development of Entrepreneurial Competencies＂, that will be discussed globally in the second part of this article, suggests a dynamic and experiential approach ofentrepreneurship education based on the qualification of people＇s behaviour, self-esteem, competencies and experiences; a profile of key behavioural and performance competencies （root）, experimental pedagogical procedures （trunk） and real results within group projects （fruits）. This model has been developed during the last decade （2001-2011）, using a multidisciplinary research-action procedure, within business, education （at different teaching levels） and social project environments.

On the Construction and Development of Strategies to Stimulate Learners＇ Motivation Concept and Evaluation Model

This paper starts from the theoretical basis of constructivism and development evaluation study that learns the principles of communication, the use of educational psychology and other disciplines of knowledge. It is to build a developmental evaluation and characteristics for the idea to the attention of the relevant confidence to meet and the evaluator＇ s expectations as of the five elements to stimulate learning motivation, build developmental evaluation principles to stimulate learning motivation of process model. Seven strategies are to stimulate and sustain the motivation of college students, while emphasizing mentor in the process of converting role as learner and developmental evaluation. Related strategies are used in the actual teaching of ＂Mechanical Engineering Materials＂ , ＂Graduation Design＂ , ＂Engineer Training＂ course, and it achieved satisfactory teaching effect, playing a role in promoting real learning and comprehensive evaluation of the development of college students.