巨厚松散层下条带开采地表沉陷机理及岩层移动模型的探讨

通过研究认为目前的岩层移动模型不能很好地分析巨厚松散层下条带开采岩土层的移动机理,对地表沉陷的主控因素和机理进行了理论分析和模拟试验,探讨了巨厚松散层下条带开采岩土层移动的复合介质模型.

公路隧道大型振动台抗减震模型试验方案设计

西藏某隧道隧址区地震烈度高,受多条活动断层影响,为了确保隧道抵御强震和减小活动断层对隧道的影响,对该隧道进口段大型振动台模型试验方案进行研究。首先介绍振动台模型试验模型箱的设计,并对整个模型体系模拟的范围和相似关系进行剖析。然后,在参照已有研究成果并结合本次试验拟定的相似关系基础上,确定模拟模型岩层和模型衬砌的材料。同时,以该隧道进口段数值模拟结果为基础,选择振动台模型试验测点的布置位置。最后,结合隧址区所处的地震环境,编制模型试验的加载制度。最终试验现象证明,本次试验方案是成功的。

基于Dimine的冬瓜山铜矿矿床三维模型构建

借助Dimine软件建立了冬瓜山铜矿钻孔数据库,进行了样品组合,对原始样品和组合样进行了统计分析。构建了矿区地表、岩层和矿体三维模型,利用实体模型约束建立了品位块体模型,采用普通克立格法对矿体铜元素品位进行估值,对块体模型铜品位进行了统计,并按品位对冬瓜山铜矿矿床储量进行统计。计算结果表明,Dimine软件结果准确可靠,可用于矿山的采矿设计以及储量资源的管理中。

基于DIMINE的印尼某红土镍矿床三维模型构建

运用DIMINE软件建立了印度尼西亚某红土镍矿的钻孔数据库,进行了样品组合,并在此基础上构建了矿区地表和矿体三维模型,然后利用实体模型约束建立了品位块体模型,采用距离幂反比法对矿体镍元素品位进行估值,对块体模型镍品位进行了统计,并对该红土镍矿床储量进行统计,最后将DIMINE地质统计学法矿量计算结果与断面法计算矿量结果进行比较。对比结果表明,DIMINE软件的计算结果准确可靠,可用于矿山的采矿设计以及储量资源的管理,并且能够大大提升设计水平和速度。

关门式塌方的四种模型及机理探讨

近年来随着隧道修建在交通网中的日益凸显,隧道关门式塌方对人员生命和财产、工期等造成破坏性的后果。塌方原因错综复杂,关门式塌方以拱形塌方与塌穿型塌方为主。依据塌方原因及性质,塌方模型可分为四种;各向异性Maxwell黏弹性模型、蠕变时程特性与本构模型、突变失稳弹塑性模型、层状岩层引起关门式塌方模型等,不同的模型探讨、演化出不同的适用于自身模型的塌方机理。四种关门式塌方模型及机理在近些年工程实际中得到了较好的验证。

Effect of gas saturation on P-wave velocity in tight sandstone

By measuring the variation of the P-and S-wave velocities of tight sandstone samples under water saturation,it was confirmed that with the decrease in water saturation,the P-wave velocity first decreased and then increased.The variation in velocity was influenced by the sandstone’s porosity.The commonly used Gassmann equation based on fluid substitution theory was studied.Comparing the calculated results with the measured data,it was found that the Gassmann equation agreed well with the measured data at high water saturation,but it could not explain the bending phenomenon of P-wave velocity at low saturation.This indicated that these equations could not accurately describe the relationship between fluid content and rock acoustic velocity.The reasons for this phenomenon were discussed through Taylor’s expansion.The coefficients of the fitting formula were calculated and verified by fitting the measured acoustic velocity changes of the cores.The relationship between P-wave velocity and saturation was discussed,which provides experimental support for calculating saturation using seismic and acoustic logging data.

BISQ model based on a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic frame in a partially saturated porous medium

Taking into account three important porous media mechanisms during wave propagation （the Biot-flow, squirt-flow, and solid-skeleton viscoelastic mechanisms）, we introduce water saturation into the dynamic governing equations of wave propagation by analyzing the effective medium theory and then providing a viscoelastic Biot/squirt （BISQ） model which can analyze the wave propagation problems in a partially viscous pore fluid saturated porous media. In this model, the effects of pore fluid distribution patterns on the effective bulk modulus at different frequencies are considered. Then we derive the wave dynamic equations in the time-space domain. The phase velocity and the attenuation coefficient equations of the viscoelatic BISQ model in the frequency-wavenumber domain are deduced through a set of plane harmonic solution assumptions. Finally, by means of numerical simulations, we investigate the effects of water saturation, permeability, and frequency on compressional wave velocity and attenuation. Based on tight sandstone and carbonate experimental observed data, the compressional wave velocities of partially saturated reservoir rocks are calculated. The compressional wave velocity in carbonate reservoirs is more sensitive to gas saturation than in sandstone reservoirs.

基于结构关键层的固体密实充填采煤岩层移动模型

根据地层的沉积特征和相似材料模拟,将固体密实充填开采岩层移动特征分成有结构关键层和无结构关键层2类模式进行描述。并针对有结构关键层情况,建立了固体密实充填岩层移动模型,模型由3部分有机组成,即结构关键层力学模型,结构关键层上方岩体移动模型和基岩面上方土体移动模型。最后将建立的岩层移动模型用于工程实例取得了良好的效果。

Mechanical model of roof on stope and its analysis

Based on the engineering background of No.8402 stope face in Silaogou Coal Mine of Datong Mineral Bureau and the theory of plate presented by researchers before, considering surrounding rock structure in the stope and according to mechanical property of rock bodies with various kinds of joint planes, presented an assumption that the key roof was divided into a series of elastic plate group by joint planes, then set up mechanical model of elastic plate group with pin joint. After compared the deflection and the stress in the mechanical model by numerical modeling with data from field engineering, the rule of rock plates’ break in turn and the difference in rock plates’ stress during the roof’s first and periodic weighting along the stope face were found.

Surface borehole synthesis tension deformation fracture time-space rule

In order to release the tension and shear effect of the superjacent rock strata movement during excavation in coal mine,protect the surface borehole case from fracturing fast and make a good use of the surface borehole during goaf methane drawing,a common synthesis tension deformation fracture model was set up based on the synthesis tension effect of the rock strata,and the deformation rule of the surface borehole case with time and space was researched.The results suggest that,to reduce the deformation the surface borehole should be built between the boundary of the stope and the knee of subsidence curve.At the same time,a 3DEC simulation model and an engineering example were carried out to examine the rules of theoretical model.The result suggests that the model and the rules accord to the test and have good building and protection engineering application values to the surface borehole.

Prediction of representative deformation modulus of longwall panel roof rock strata using Mamdani fuzzy system

Deformation modulus is the important parameter in stability analysis of tunnels, dams and mining struc- tures. In this paper, two predictive models including Mamdani fuzzy system （MFS） and multivariable regression analysis （MVRA） were developed to predict deformation modulus based on data obtained from dilatometer tests carried out in Bakhtiary dam site and additional data collected from longwall coal mines. Models inputs were considered to be rock quality designation, overburden height, weathering, unconfined compressive strength, bedding inclination to core axis, joint roughness coefficient and fill thickness. To control the models performance, calculating indices such as root mean square error （RMSE）, variance account for （VAF） and determination coefficient （R^2） were used. The MFS results show the significant prediction accuracy along with high performance compared to MVRA results. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of MFS results shows that the most and the least effective parameters on deformation modulus are weatherin~ and overburden height, respectively.

Unsaturated Creep Behaviors of Weak Intercalated Soils in Soft Rock of Badong Formation

The cutting slopes in soft rock of redbed appeared in Yichang-Badong highway often suffer from the instability along weak intercalations, so the creep behaviors of weak intercalated soils are crucially important for the stability of cutting slopes. Because the deformation of weak intercalated soils is significantly affected by water content due to the strong water sensitivity, it is necessary to study the influence of matric suction on the creep behaviors of weak intercalated soils. In order to find out the unsaturated creep characters of weak intercalated soils, a GDS unsaturated triaxial apparatus was used. Then the triaxial creep experiments on weak intercalated soil samples under varying matric suction were conducted to obtain the unsaturated creep curves. The results show that the weak intercalated soils have obvious creep behaviors, and the creep strain is in nonlinear relationship with stress and time. When the matric suction is constant, a larger deviator stress will lead to a larger creep strain; When the deviator stress is constant, a smaller matric suction will lead to a larger creep strain. Based on the Mesri creep model, an improved creep model for weak intercalated soils under varying matric suction was established, in which the relationship of stress-strain was expressed with a hyperbolic function, and the relationship of strain-time was expressed with power functions in stages. Then an unsaturated creep model including stress-matric suction-strain-time for weak intercalated soils was established based on the power function relationship between matric suction and Ed(a parameter of the improved creep model). The comparison of the calculated values of creep model and the experimental values shows that the creep behaviors of weak intercalated soils can be predicted by the unsaturated creep model by and large.

Application of steel fibre reinforced sprayed concrete to a deep tunnel in weak rocks

Based on an engineering background of a deep tunneling in weak rocks, the numerical modeling is used to compare different support schemes of tunnel at great depth in this paper. Focused on the general behaviors of weak rocks at great depth, a tunneling scheme with rock bolting and steel fibre reinforced sprayed concrete is proposed. This scheme is practiced successfully at a deep tunnel in weak rocks in Coal Mine No 10 of Hebi Coal Mining Administration.

Water resistant features of high-risk outburst coal seams and standard discriminant model of mining under water-pressure

It is important to emphasize the value of research in safe mining technology of high-risk water outburst coal seams. We describe briefly current conditions abroad and in China. Based on an Ordovician limestone aquifer with high-risk water outburst seams in the Feicheng coal field, we analyzed the water-resistant characteristics of a coal floor aquifuge and the behavior of water head intrusion of a confined aquifer and propose a safe criterion model and relevant technology of mining above aquifers. This has brought satisfactory results in engineering practice.

Vertical vibration of a floating pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer overlaying bedrock

An axisymmetrical analytical solution is developed to investigate the vertical time-harmonic vibration of a floating pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer overlaying bedrock. The soil is described by porous medium model established by Boer, while the pile is described by a beam vibration theory. By using separation theory of differential operator and variables to solve the dynamic governing equations for the soil, the fundamental solutions for the soil reactions on side and bottom of the pile are obtained. The dynamic impedance of the pile head is then derived by solving the vibration equation for the pile according to the compatibility condition between the pile and the soil. The proposed model is validated by comparing special cases of our model with the existing results. Numerical examples are presented to analyze the vibration characteristics of the pile.

高烈度地震区公路隧道洞口段大型振动台模型试验方案设计

以西藏嘎隆拉隧道的工程建设为背景,对嘎隆拉隧道进口段进行了大型振动台模型试验方案设计。根据本次试验的目的和特性,首先介绍了振动台模型试验的模型箱设计,并对整个模型体系模拟的范围和相似关系进行了剖析。然后,在参照已有研究成果并结合本次试验拟定的相似关系基础之上,确定了模拟模型岩层和模型衬砌的材料。同时,以嘎隆拉隧道进口段数值模拟结果为基础,选择了振动台模型试验测点的布置位置。最后,结合隧址区所处的地震环境,编制了模型试验的加载制度。

Geochemical tracing and modeling of surface and deep water–rock interactions in elementary granitic watersheds(Strengbach and Ringelbach CZOs, France)

From the study of the Strengbach and Ringelbach watersheds we propose to illustrate the interest of combining the geochemical tracing and geochemical modeling approaches on surface and deep borehole waters,to decipher the diversity of the water flow and the associated water–rock interactions in such elementary mountainous catchments. The results point to a clear geochemical typology of waters depending on the water circulations(deep vs. hypodermic) within the substratum.

Experimental study of motion characteristics of rock slopes with weak intercalation under seismic excitation

In order to investigate the effect of a weak intercalation on slope stability, a large-scale shaking table model test was conducted to study the dynamic response of rock slope models with weak intercalation.The dynamic response of the prototype slopes were studied in laboratory with the consideration of law of similitude. The initiation failure was observed in the rock slope model with a counter-tilt thin-weak intercalation firstly, not in the slope model with a horizontal thin-weak intercalation. Furthermore, it was interesting that the fracture site is shifted from crest top to the slope surface near the weak intercalation, which is different with the location of failure position in a normal layered slope. We also discussed the effect of the dip angle and the thickness of weak intercalation on the failure mechanism and instability mode of the layered rock slope. From the experimental result, it was noted that the stability of the slope with a counter-tilt weak intercalation could be worse than that of the other slopes under seismic excitation. The findings showed the difference of failure in slopes with a horizontal and counter weak intercalation, and implicated the further evaluation of failure of layered slopes caused by seismic loads.

Theoretical analysis on the deformation characteristics of coal wall in a longwall top coal caving face

Against the background of analyzing coal wall stability in 14101 fully mechanized longwall top coal caving face in Majialiang coal mine,based on the torque equilibrium of the coal wall,shield support and the roof strata,an elastic mechanics model was established to calculate the stress applied on the coal wall.The displacement method was used to obtain the stress and deformation distributions of the coal wall.This study also researched the influence of support resistance,protective pressure to the coal wall,fracture position of the main roof and mining height on the coal wall deformation.The following conclusions are drawn:(1) The shorter the distance from the longwall face,the greater the vertical compressive stress and horizontal tensile stress borne by the coal wall.The coal wall is prone to failure in the form of compressive-shear and tension;(2) With increasing support resistance,the revolution angle of the main roof decreases linearly.As the support resistance and protective force supplied by the face guard increases,the maximum deformation of the coal wall decreases linearly;(3) As the face approaches the fracture position of the main roof,coal wall horizontal deformation increases significantly,and the coal wall is prone to instability;and(4) The best mining height of 14101 longwall face is 3.0 m.