基于国标法测定模型酒液的酒精度及其影响因素研究

酒精属于易挥发性物质,易受环境条件等多种因素影响,致使测定结果与实际含量有一定差异;而目前市场监管部门常以实测酒精度与产品标注度数之间的差异作为评定白酒是否合格的依据之一,其科学性值得商榷。通过构建模型酒液并对比GB 5009.255—2016中乙醇浓度2种测定方法的结果,筛选出较为稳定的方法并研究其相关影响因素;同时跟踪监测模型酒液在不同储存条件下酒精度的变化。结果表明,在控制好相关影响因素的基础上,密度瓶法测量酒精度相对较为准确,其结果可为监管部门科学执法提供参考。

一种检测蒸馏酒醒酒时间的模型建立与应用研究

通过科学实验设计,对饮酒后测试对象进行呼吸酒精测试,研究测试对象血液中的酒精浓度变化,进行数据分析,建立蒸馏酒醒酒时间的数学模型,并应用于白酒的生产过程中,为开发健康低醉产品提供技术指引,对白酒行业乃至整个酒类行业的技术进步具有积极意义。

葛花解酲汤对小鼠醉酒模型解酒护肝作用研究

目的:探讨葛花解酲汤对小鼠醉酒模型的解酒护肝作用。方法:将小鼠随机分为对照组、醉酒模型组、葛花解酲汤组,各组小鼠分别按5 m L/kg和15 m L/kg体质量灌胃56%红星二锅头建立小鼠醉酒模型,葛花解酲汤组以葛花解酲汤灌胃,对照组以蒸馏水灌胃,以自主活动次数、翻正反应耐受时间与持续时间、醉酒睡眠潜伏时间与持续时间、肝脏系数和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)含量作为考察指标。结果:醉酒初期葛花解酲汤组小鼠自主活动次数明显高于对照组而低于醉酒模型组;大量醉酒时葛花解酲汤组小鼠较醉酒模型组小鼠翻正反应耐受时间和睡眠潜伏时间明显延长;葛花解酲汤组和对照组小鼠的肝脏系数明显低于醉酒模型组;葛花解酲汤组小鼠ALT含量明显低于醉酒模型组而高于对照组。结论:葛花解酲汤具有显著的醒酒、防醉与保肝护肝作用。

解酒护肝口服液对醉酒模型小鼠解酒作用的研究

目的:考察解酒护肝口服液对小鼠醉酒模型的解酒作用及其保护机制。方法:按15 mL/kg体质量56度红星二锅头酒一次性灌胃法建立小鼠醉酒模型,采用解酒护肝口服液高、中、低三种剂量进行灌胃干预,以翻正反应消失时间、翻正反应消失持续时间、醉酒率作为考察指标。结果:与模型组(安慰组)比较,口服液高、中、低剂量给药组可显著延长小鼠翻正反应消失时间(耐受时间)(P<0.01),缩短翻正反应消失持续时间(醒酒时间)(P<0.05或P<0.01),且明显减少小鼠出现醉酒的数量即降低醉酒率(P<0.05)。结论:解酒护肝口服液饮酒前给药可显著降延长醉酒耐受时间,缩短醒酒时间,降低醉酒率,具有显著的解酒促醒作用。

超声降低红酒中高级醇含量对酒体风味特性的影响

【目的】明确超声降低高级醇对红酒风味所带来的影响,了解其风味形成机制,为超声技术应用于降低高级醇并促进红酒风味品质的改善提供理论依据。【方法】首先采用电子舌和电子鼻对不同超声条件处理后的红酒进行测定,并对所得结果用主成分分析(PCA)和判别函数分析(DFA)研究红酒风味品质的变化;随后用气质联用技术分析最优降低高级醇的超声参数处理后红酒中挥发性成分的变化;最后,以正丙醇、异戊醇、正戊醇和异丁醇标准品为添加物构建含高级醇的模型酒液体系,探究超声降解高级醇时对红葡萄酒风味变化的具体影响机制。【结果】单因素实验结果表明,超声处理条件对红酒感官品质的影响用电子鼻、电子舌判定差异不显著(尤其电子鼻的判定结果);气质联用分析表明,超声不仅能够增加酒中挥发性物质的种类,还可以显著增加酯类等物质的相对含量,同时降低酸类、醇类等的含量;模型酒液体系研究结果与上述变化情况基本一致。【结论】超声处理不仅可以有效降低红酒中高级醇的含量,还可以促进红酒中挥发性风味物质的形成,进而改善酒的风味品质,结果可为超声技术用于改善红酒品质提供一定的理论依据。

三个护肝产品对醉酒模型大鼠解酒护肝作用功效研究

研究三个护肝产品对醉酒模型大鼠的解酒护肝作用。大鼠随机分为正常对照组,模型对照组,阳性对照组,样品1低、高剂量组,样品2低、高剂量组,样品3低、高剂量组。正常对照组、模型对照组给予去离子水灌胃,阳性对照组给予海王牌金樽片混悬液,样品1,2和3低、高剂量组分别灌胃相应受试物,连续灌胃14 d,并于末次给予受试物1 h后,除正常对照组外,其余各组采用红星二锅头稀释液(浓度3∶1)制备大鼠醉酒模型。通过翻正反射试验,观察每组动物醉酒时间、醉酒数、醒酒时间、2 h内醉酒率;检测血液乙醇和乙醛体积分数;检测血清及肝脏中乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)活性;取肝脏进行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色。结果显示,与模型对照组比较,样品1,2和3均能延长醉酒时间(P<0.01),缩短醒酒时间(P<0.05或P<0.01),降低血乙醇体积分数(P<0.05或P<0.01),样品1和2能显著提高血液ADH和ALDH活性(P<0.01),样品2和3对肝脏ADH和ALDH活性有显著提高作用(P<0.05或P<0.01),三个护肝产品作用效果未发现剂量依赖性。试验结果表明,三个护肝产品对乙醇所致的大鼠醉酒模型有较好的解酒、护肝作用,为后续解酒护肝功能性产品的研发提供科学依据。

橙子对醉酒小鼠的解酒作用

目的观察橙子对醉酒小鼠的解酒作用。方法将20只小鼠随机分为2组:生理盐水组(NS组)、橙汁组,每组10只。用38%乙醇溶液建立小鼠醉酒模型,醉酒后5 m in分别以生理盐水和橙汁灌胃,观察生理盐水和橙子对小鼠的解酒作用。结果用橙汁灌胃的小鼠醒酒时间比用生理盐水灌胃的小鼠醒酒时间短(P<0.05)。结论橙子对醉酒小鼠有解酒作用。

L-阿拉伯糖解酒功能及机制

考察L-阿拉伯糖对小鼠醉酒模型的解酒作用和机制,L-阿拉伯糖对饮酒后小鼠的肝脏中乙醛含量的变化的影响等生物功能学作用,为其在缓解酒精对肝脏和肠胃的损伤,以及在食品中的应用提供理论依据。按照15 m L/kg体重以56%vol红星二锅头酒一次性灌喂法建立小鼠醉酒模型,采用L-阿拉伯糖低、中、中高、高4种剂量进行酒前、同时、酒后3种方式灌喂干预,以翻正反应消失时间、翻正反应消失持续时间和醉酒率、醒酒率作为考察指标。结果表明,与模型组比较,口服中剂量以上的L-阿拉伯糖可显著减少小鼠醉酒率和醒酒率。此外,通过检测乙醛脱氢酶在肝脏中的浓度变化,发现服用L-阿拉伯糖能够促进乙醛脱氢酶的分泌。L-阿拉伯糖具有显著的解酒醒酒的功能,尤其酒前服用能够有效改善酒精中毒的症状。

基于高维多元数据的酒体感官评价可视分析

酒体质量评价以感官鉴定为主,但感官评价易受人的身体条件和经验等因素的影响。为提高评价的稳定性和有效性,建立以理化指标数据为依据的评价方法。本文提出了一种基于大数据可视分析的研究方法,挖掘高维多元指标数据对酒体感官特性的影响。首先,对高维多元指标数据的相关性,以及与感官评价的相关性进行分析,通过图模型阐释关系特性,初步建立面向领域的可视分析方法。然后,采用基于机器学习的数据分析技术,结合感官评价构建酒体质量评价模型。最后,结合评价模型对酒体指标参数的重要性进行分析。在此基础上,对模型的评价效果进行了验证,分别选取两类样本进行对比,一类样本包含重要性得分较高的6项理化指标,包括酒体密度、残糖、挥发性酸、酒精度、硫酸酯和非挥发性酸,另一类样本包含全部11项理化指标,验证结果显示两类样本的预测结果相近,分类预测误差仅相差0.4%,表明以上6项理化指标是影响感官评价的主要成分。该可视分析方法可降低理化指标的维数,并保留酒体质量的特征信息,用于酒体质量的评价,对酒体质量科学化评价起到重要作用。

荆防颗粒对急性醉酒模型小鼠的解酒作用及作用机制

目的 建立小鼠醉酒模型,探究荆防颗粒的解酒作用及其作用机制。方法 将雌雄各半SPF级昆明种小鼠随机分为模型组和荆防颗粒组,模型组ig生理盐水,荆防颗粒组ig荆防颗粒30 min后,小鼠ig 56°红星二锅头(17 mL/kg)构建急性醉酒模型,以翻正反射消失/恢复时间评价各组小鼠醉酒潜伏期和睡眠时间,并计算醉酒率;转棒实验观察小鼠ig白酒10 min后的在棒时间,并观察小鼠胃黏膜损伤情况。进一步基于急性醉酒小鼠模型,观察药物对小鼠肝组织酒精代谢酶乙醇脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)、过氧化氢酶(catalyse,CAT)、细胞色素P450第二家族E亚型多肽1(cytochrome P4502E1,CYP2E1)、乙醛脱氢酶(acetaldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH)的调节作用;Western blotting考察荆防颗粒对细胞自噬通路相关蛋白表达的影响。结果 与模型组比较,荆防颗粒降低小鼠醉酒率,并明显延长小鼠在棒时间及减轻胃黏膜损伤,表现出解酒作用;荆防颗粒显著提高模型小鼠肝组织ADH、CAT活力(P<0.05、0.01、0.001),逆转过量饮酒导致的CYP2E1蛋白表达升高(P<0.001),升高模型小鼠肝组织ADH1、ALDH2蛋白表达(P<0.05、0.01);明显上调模型小鼠肝组织微管相关蛋白1轻链3Ⅱ(microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3Ⅱ,LC3Ⅱ)/LC3I值(P<0.01),降低p62蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论 荆防颗粒能降低小鼠醉酒率,改善过度饮酒引起的中枢抑制及胃黏膜损伤表现,呈现出解酒作用;其作用机制可能与提高酒精代谢酶ADH、CAT、ALDH活力或表达以加速机体酒精代谢,激活自噬,缓解CYP2E1诱导的损伤有关。

Application of QPSO-KM Algorithm in Wine Quality Classification

Since there are many factors affecting the quality of wine, total 17 factors were screened out using principle component analysis. The difference test was conducted on the evaluation data of the two groups of testers. The results showed that the evaluation data of the second group were more reliable compared with those of the first group. At the same time, the KM algorithm was optimized using the QPSO algorithm. The wine classification model was established. Compared with the other two algorithms, the QPSO-KM algorithm was more capable of searching the globally optimum solution, and it could be used to classify the wine samples. In addition,the QPSO-KM algorithm could also be used to solve the issues about clustering.

Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient without a history of alcohol abuse.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),a severe form of NAFLD,can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.NAFLD is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and incidence has been increasing worldwide in line with the increased prevalence of obesity,type 2 diabetes,and hyperlipemia.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH give crucial information,not only in elucidating pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH but also in examining therapeutic effects of various agents.An ideal model of NAFLD/NASH should correctly reflect both hepatic histopathology and pathophysiology of human NAFLD/NASH.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH are divided into genetic,dietary,and combination models.In this paper,we review commonly used animal models of NAFLD/NASH referring to their advantages and disadvantages.

Genetically modified mouse models for the study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is associated with obesity,insulin resistance,and type 2 diabetes.NAFLD represents a large spectrum of diseases ranging from(1) fatty liver(hepatic steatosis);(2) steatosis with inflammation and necrosis;to(3) cirrhosis.The animal models to study NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) are extremely useful,as there are still many events to be elucidated in the pathology of NASH.The study of the established animal models has provided many clues in the pathogenesis of steatosis and steatohepatitis,but these remain incompletely understood.The different mouse models can be classified in two large groups.The first one includes genetically modified(transgenic or knockout) mice that spontaneously develop liver disease,and the second one includes mice that acquire the disease after dietary or pharmacological manipulation.Although the molecular mechanism leading to the development of hepatic steatosis in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex,genetically modified animal models may be a key for the treatment of NAFLD.Ideal animal models for NASH should closely resemble the pathological characteristics observed in humans.To date,no single animal model has encompassed the full spectrum of human disease progression,but they can imitate particular characteristics of human disease.Therefore,it is important that the researchers choose the appropriate animal model.This review discusses various genetically modified animal models developed and used in research on NAFLD.

基于科研成果的药理学教学实验探索

探索了将较为成熟的科研成果"文蛤酶解产物防醉解酒"的科研实验设计转化成药理学综合教学实验。以工艺成熟的文蛤酶解产物为评价对象,采用白酒灌胃的方式建立小鼠中剂量饮酒模型,疲劳转棒仪评价文蛤酶解产物对饮酒造成的小鼠平衡失调的缓减作用;建立高剂量饮酒模型,以翻正实验观察文蛤酶解产物的防醉解酒效果,同时测定血液及肝组织相关生化指标,光学显微镜下观察小鼠肝脏组织病理学变化。该实验可帮助学生巩固实验动物的捉、拿、固定、灌胃等基本操作,掌握醉酒模型评价实验的一般思路与方法,促进学生掌握生化分析、病理学切片等综合实验技能,提高分析数据及团队协作能力,符合国家对创新性人才的培养需求。

Animal models for studying hepatitis C and alcohol effects on liver

Chronic consumption of ethanol has a dramatic effect on the clinical outcome of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but the mechanism linking these two pathologies is unknown. Presently, in vitro systems are limited in their ability to study the interaction between a productive wild-type HCV infection and chronic ethanol exposure. Mouse models are potentially very useful in dissecting elements of the HCV-ethanol relationship. Experiments in mice that transgenically express HCV proteins are outlined, as are experiments for the generation of mice with chimeric human livers. The latter models appear to have the most promise for accurately modeling the effects of chronic ethanol intake in HCV-infected human livers.

Oxidative stress disturbs energy metabolism of mitochondria in ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury

AIM: To study the role of mitochondrial energy disorder in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury. METHODS: Wistar rats were used in this study. A gastric mucosal injury model was established by giving the rats alcohol. Gross and microscopic appearance of gastric mucosa and ultrastructure of mitochondria were evaluated. Malondiadehyde (MDA) in gastric mucosa was measured with thiobarbituric acid. Expression of ATP synthase (ATPase) subunits 6 and 8 in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR). RESULTS:The gastric mucosal lesion index was correlated with the MDA content in gastric mucosa. As the concentration of ethanol was elevated and theexposure time to ethanol was extended, the content of MDA in gastric mucosa increased and the extent of damage aggravated. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was positively related to the ethanol concentration and exposure time. The expression of mtDNA ATPase subunits 6 and 8 mRNA declined with the increasing MDA content in gastric mucosa after gavage with ethanol. CONCLUSION: Ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury is related to oxidative stress, which disturbs energy metabolism of mitochondria and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury.

In vitro and in vivo models of acute alcohol exposure

Alcohol abuse is a global problem due to the financial burden on society and the healthcare system. While the harmful health effects of chronic alcohol abuse are well established, more recent data suggest that acute alcohol consumption also affects human wellbeing. Thus, there is a need for research models in order to fully understand the effect of acute alcohol abuse on different body systems and organs. The present manuscript summarizes the interdisciplinary advantages and disadvantages of currently available human and non-human models of acute alcohol abuse, and identifi es their suitability for biomedical research.

Decreased accumulation of ultrasound contrast in the liver of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis rat model

AIM:To investigate the diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) using contrast ultrasonography in the NASH rat model.METHODS:The liver in methionine choline-deficient diet(MCDD) rats,a NASH model constructed by feeding an MCDD,was examined by contrast ultrasonography at weeks 2,4,8,12 and 16,with late phase images of contrast ultrasonography(Kupffer imaging) in which contrast enhancement was achieved by incorporation of a contrast agent by Kupffer cells(KCs),and images were compared to those in rats taking a regular chow.RESULTS:Decrease in contrast enhancement was observed first in MCDD rats at week 2.KCs were counted based on immunohistochemistry,but their numbers were not reduced and it was assumed that attenuation of contrast enhancement was attributable to reduced phagocytic activity of the KCs.CONCLUSION:It is suggested that clinical application of contrast ultrasonography may be valuable for noninvasive diagnosis of NASH.

Kinetics of Reductive Leaching of Low-grade Pyrolusite with Molasses Alcohol Wastewater in H_2SO_4

The kinetics of reductive leaching of manganese from low grade pyrolusite in dilute sulfuric acid in the presence of molasses alcohol wastewater was investigated. The shrinking core model was applied to quantify the effects of reaction parameters on leaching rate. The leaching rate increases with reaction temperature, concentrations of H 2 SO 4 and organic matter in molasses alcohol wastewater increase and ore particle size decreases. The leaching process follows the kinetics of a shrinking core model and the apparent activation energy is 57.5 kJ·mol –1 . The experimental results indicate a reaction order of 0.52 for H2SO4 concentration and 0.90 for chemical oxygen demand (COD) of molasses alcohol wastewater. It is concluded that the reductive leaching of pyrolusite with molasses alcohol wastewater is controlled by the diffusion through the ash/inert layer composed of the associated minerals.

Predicting utility of a model for end stage liver disease in alcoholic liver disease

AIM： To validate the statistic utility of both the Maddrey Discriminant Function score and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease as predictors of short term （30 d and 90 d） mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and to assess prognostic factors among clinical characteristics and laboratory variables of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. METHODS： Thirty-four patients with the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis admitted to Hippokration University Hospital of Athens from 2000 to 2005 were assessed in the current retrospective study and a statistical analysis was conducted. RESULTS： 30- and 90-d mortality rates were reported at 5.9% （2/34） and 14.7% （5/34）, respectively. Significant correlation was demonstrated for the Model for End- Stage Liver Disease （P30 = 0.094, P90 = 0.046） and the Maddrey Discriminant Function score （P30 = 0.033, P90 = 0.038） with 30- and 90-d mortality whereas a significant association was also established for alanine aminotrans- ferase （P = 0.057）, fibrin degradation products （P = 0.048） and C-reactive protein （P = 0.067） with 90-d mortality. For 30-d mortality the Area Under the Curve was 0.969 （95%CI： 0.902-1.036, P = 0.028） for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and 0.984 （95%CI： 0.942-1.027, P = 0.023） for the Maddrey Discriminant Function score with the optimal cut off point of 30.5 （sensitivity 1, specificity 0.937） and 108.68 （sensitivity 1, specificity 0.969）, respectively. Accordingly, for 90-d mortality the Area Under the Curve was 0.762 （95%CI： 0.559-0.965, P = 0.065） for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and 0.752 （95%CI： 0.465-1.038, P = 0.076） for the Maddrey Discriminant Function score with the optimal cut off point of 19 （sensitivity 0.6, specificity 0.6） and 92 （sensitivity 0.6, specificity 0.946）, respectively. The observed Kaplan Meier survival rates for different score-categories were compared with logrank tests and higher score values were correlated with a lower survival. CONCLUSION： Equivalency of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and the Maddrey Discriminant Function score is implied by the current study, verified by the plotted Receiver Operative Curves and the estimated survival rates. A statistically significant utility of C-reactive protein, fibrin degradation products and alanine aminotransferase as independent predictors of 90-d mortality has also been verified.