弯坡路段多模式失效概率与轿车单车事故的关系

为促进可靠性分析(概率几何设计)在公路安全设计及事故预测中的应用,通过建立事故预测模型将轿车多模式失效概率与轿车事故之间建立关系。首先,以多模式失效为切入点,基于单个轿车在弯坡路段可能的3种失效模式(侧滑、侧翻、视距不足)建立多模式失效系统;其次,以华盛顿州10241起弯坡路段的轿车单车事故为研究对象,通过蒙特卡罗法和宽界限法求解系统的多模式失效概率;最后,将多模式失效概率、公路因素作为解释变量建立负二项模型、随机效应负二项模型、随机参数负二项模型3种事故预测模型,挖掘多模式失效概率与轿车单车事故之间的关系。结果表明:3种事故预测模型中随机参数负二项模型的拟合最优;当考虑多模式失效概率时,公路几何因素对轿车单车事故的影响被削弱;除两个暴露变量外,多模式失效概率对轿车单车事故的影响最大;多模式失效概率与轿车单车事故的拟合曲线近似为线性,且拟合曲线的截距不为0。该研究成果可用于公路的可靠性设计中。

考虑多模式失效概率的长下坡路段重型卡车事故预测模型

为挖掘多模式失效概率与长下坡路段重型卡车事故之间的关系,建立了重型卡车在长下坡路段的多模式失效概率与车辆事故之间的关系模型。并针对重型卡车在长下坡路段可能的失效模式,如侧滑、侧翻、视距不足、制动失效,在此基础上建立了多模式失效概率预测模型;通过蒙特卡罗法模拟并求解单模式失效的概率,宽界限法求解失效系统的多模式失效概率;将多模式失效概率作为解释变量与其他道路因素结合,分别建立泊松模型、随机效应泊松模型、随机参数泊松模型,将多模式失效概率与重型卡车事故建立函数关系;对比3种模型的拟合优度指标,优选出最优事故预测模型,用来挖掘重型卡车事故与多模式失效概率之间的关系。以华盛顿州71段长下坡10年的重型卡车事故数据及道路设计数据进行方法验证。结果表明:随机参数泊松模型与随机效应泊松模型的拟合优度相差较小,二者均优于泊松模型;当考虑多模式失效概率时,平曲线半径、纵坡坡度、超高对重型卡车事故的影响均不显著,即三者的影响被削弱,尤其是平曲线半径和超高,多模式失效概率的弹性(0.239)远大于二者的弹性(平曲线半径和超高的弹性分别仅为0.097和0.002);重型卡车的事故与多模式失效概率近似线性关系,且截距不为0。即多模式失效概率可用于道路安全分析的表征指标,但与事故概率不等价。

利用形式化方法的机电系统概率失效模式及影响分析

针对传统的失效模式及影响分析中依靠领域专家分析判断系统单元失效与系统故障之间的关系,分析烦琐、容易出错且难以计算故障概率的问题,将形式化技术引入机电系统失效模式及影响分析中,提出了基于概率模型检测的机电系统概率失效模式及影响分析方法。基于机电系统中的状态变迁,研究了机电系统行为过程的随机模型及其形式化表达,建立了面向概率失效模式及影响分析的系统形式化随机模型;基于连续随机逻辑对系统的潜在故障进行了形式化规约,构建了潜在故障的概率形式化规约表达式;利用概率模型检测器对系统的随机模型和潜在故障进行形式化验证,从而辨识单元失效与系统潜在故障之间的关系,并自动计算单元失效所导致的系统故障概率,提高了失效模式与影响分析的准确性和效率。该方法不仅可以借助概率模型检测迅速准确地识别单元失效与系统潜在故障之间的因果关系,还可以自动计算系统故障概率。将该方法应用于数控机床进给系统,成功辨识出了限位开关失效所导致的系统故障并计算出了故障概率,从而验证了方法的可行性。

非线性结构可靠度设计的计算应用分析

研究了非线性结构可靠度优化设计中的模式失效概率及可靠度与可靠度指标。将截止失效概率作为判定主要失效模式的依据,通过介绍FOSM的计算构成,逐步地将功能函数线性化拟合,进一步地引出H-L法、R-F法、吴氏法的基本算法结构。通过给出的实例计算与传统的蒙特卡洛法结果进行比较分析,得出可靠度设计中各算法的优劣。

基于马尔科夫矩阵的安全完整性等级验算推导及探讨

安全仪表系统的安全完整性等级(SIL)的验算已变得越来越重要,通过建立不同电路模型下的马尔科夫矩阵,并深入分析了基于"1oo1"电路模型和"1oo2"电路模型下的转换概率,推导出了基于马尔科夫状态矩阵的低要求模式失效概率的验算公式,根据验算公式得出影响失效概率的因素主要有:维修率、系统重启率、检测测试周期、功能测试覆盖率等。

Barton-Bandis criterion-based system reliability analysis of rock slopes

Several potential failure modes generally exist in rock slopes because of the existence of massive structural planes in rock masses. A system reliability analyses method for rock slopes with multiple failure modes based on nonlinear Barton-Bandis failure criterion is proposed. The factors of safety associated with the sliding and overturning failure modes are derived, respectively. The validity of this method is verified through a planar rock slope with an inclined slope top and tension crack. Several sensitivity analyses are adopted to study the influences of structural-plane parameters, geometric parameters, anchoring parameters and fracture morphology on the rock slopes system reliability.

SIL报告在自控设计中的指导应用

为了规范SIL研究报告在自控工程设计中的指导应用,重点阐述了SIL的定义、SIL报告的支持性文件应包含的内容、SIL报告的形成步骤和主要内容、用故障树分析方法进行仪表安全功能的PFD验证过程以及报告中的结论和建议的指导作用。给出了实际工程的应用举例,并对SIL报告在应用过程中应注意的问题进行了阐述。

Nonlinear finite-element-based structural system failure probability analysis methodology for gravity dams considering correlated failure modes

The structural system failure probability(SFP) is a valuable tool for evaluating the global safety level of concrete gravity dams.Traditional methods for estimating the failure probabilities are based on defined mathematical descriptions,namely,limit state functions of failure modes.Several problems are to be solved in the use of traditional methods for gravity dams.One is how to define the limit state function really reflecting the mechanical mechanism of the failure mode;another is how to understand the relationship among failure modes and enable the probability of the whole structure to be determined.Performing SFP analysis for a gravity dam system is a challenging task.This work proposes a novel nonlinear finite-element-based SFP analysis method for gravity dams.Firstly,reasonable nonlinear constitutive modes for dam concrete,concrete/rock interface and rock foundation are respectively introduced according to corresponding mechanical mechanisms.Meanwhile the response surface(RS) method is used to model limit state functions of main failure modes through the Monte Carlo(MC) simulation results of the dam-interface-foundation interaction finite element(FE) analysis.Secondly,a numerical SFP method is studied to compute the probabilities of several failure modes efficiently by simple matrix integration operations.Then,the nonlinear FE-based SFP analysis methodology for gravity dams considering correlated failure modes with the additional sensitivity analysis is proposed.Finally,a comprehensive computational platform for interfacing the proposed method with the open source FE code Code Aster is developed via a freely available MATLAB software tool(FERUM).This methodology is demonstrated by a case study of an existing gravity dam analysis,in which the dominant failure modes are identified,and the corresponding performance functions are established.Then,the dam failure probability of the structural system is obtained by the proposed method considering the correlation relationship of main failure modes on the basis of the mechanical mechanism analysis with the MC-FE simulations.

Application of matrix-based system reliability method in complex slopes

Complex slopes are characterized by large numbers of failure modes,cut sets or link sets,or by statistical dependence between the failure modes.For such slopes,a systematic quantitative method,or matrix-based system reliability method,was described and improved for their reliability analysis.A construction formula of event vector c E was suggested to solve the difficulty of identifying any component E in sample space,and event vector c of system events can be calculated based on it,then the bounds of system failure probability can be obtained with the given probability information.The improved method was illustrated for four copper mine slopes with multiple failure modes,and the bounds of system failure probabilities were calculated by self-compiling program on the platform of the software MATLAB.Comparison in results from matrix-based system reliability method and two generic system methods suggests that identical accuracy could be obtained by all methods if there are only a few failure modes in slope system.Otherwise,the bounds by the Ditlevsen method or Cornell method are expanded obviously with the increase of failure modes and their precision can hardly satisfy the requirement of practical engineering while the results from the proposed method are still accurate enough.

Probability of Failure Assessment in District Heating Network

The aim of this paper is to present works performed in HTC （Heat-Tech Center）, Research ＆ Development Centre of Veolia Group located in Warsaw regarding assessment of probability of failure in DHN （district heating network）. This work is a part of a project dedicated to develop a software which objective is to increase reliability of DHN. The research methods consisted of three approaches. First, using database of failures which happened in Warsaw DHN and repairing protocols from past 10 years, a statistics approach was applied to perform first analysis. The result was that pipelines with nominal diameter DN （nominal diameter） ≤ 150 had higher failure rate per km, than pipelines with DN 〉 150. The next step of research was to study influence of internal （corrosion caused by heat carrier, quality of materials） and external （stray currents） factor in order to assess its individual influence on failure rate of pipe and explain reasons of differences in failure rate. To end a FMEA （failure mode and＇effects analysis） will aim to identify the main failures modes appearing on DHN, to estimate the main causes of these failures and to propose the best solutions regarding the causes, the costs and the means available.