To model Skeletonema costatum blooms and their relationship with environmental parameters in situ, a S. costatum-specific zero-dimensional box model based on the mechanistic model Eco3M was established using physiolog...To model Skeletonema costatum blooms and their relationship with environmental parameters in situ, a S. costatum-specific zero-dimensional box model based on the mechanistic model Eco3M was established using physiological features. The parameters were calibrated using experimental counterparts, and simulations were compared with published laboratory findings. The resulting normalized objective function （NOF） values are less than 1.0 （and in most cases less than 0.58） and the values for the slope y （between 0.656 7-1.127 4） and R2 （between 0.806 8-0.971） are close to 1.0 for most of the sub-figures. This indicates good agreement between simulated and measured data and suggests that the model reproduces the general characteristics of S. costatum growth and use of nutrients under different N- or P-limiting conditions. The model is appropriate for further applications and can be used to test more scenarios using other nutrients.展开更多
Accidents in a nuclear power plant are coped with by operators in the main control room (MCR). An analysis of the workload of operators in a MCR after the happening of initiating events is helpful to the alleviation o...Accidents in a nuclear power plant are coped with by operators in the main control room (MCR). An analysis of the workload of operators in a MCR after the happening of initiating events is helpful to the alleviation of human errors and to the promotion of training efficiency. This paper establishes a framework of how man is located in a man-machine interface of a nuclear power plant (NPP) as well as a simulation of the man-machine scenario in accidents in NPPs, including the simulation of the operators' task and cognitive work and the establishment of task analysis. On the basis of the above, a model of the dynamic changes of the operators' tasks is constructed and a computation of operators' workload is conducted.展开更多
The accurate simulation of the equatorial sea surlhce temperature （SST） variability is crucial for a proper representation or prediction of the El Nino-Southern Os- cillation （ENSO）. This paper describes the trop...The accurate simulation of the equatorial sea surlhce temperature （SST） variability is crucial for a proper representation or prediction of the El Nino-Southern Os- cillation （ENSO）. This paper describes the tropical variability simulated by the Max Planck Institute （MPI） forr meteorology coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model （CGCM）. A control simulation with pre-industrial greenhouse gases is analyzed, and the simulation of key oceanic features, such as SST, is compared with observa- tions. Results from the 400-yr control simulation show that the model＇s ENSO variability is quite realistic in terms of structure, strength, and period. Also, two related features （the annual cycle of SST and the-phase locking of ENSO events）, which are significant in determining the model＇s performance of realistic ENSO prediction, are further validated to be well reproduced by the MPI cli mate model, which is an atmospheric model ECHAM5 （which fuses the EC tbr European Center and HAM for Hamburg） coupled to an MPI ocean model （MPI-OM）, ECHAMS/MPI-OM.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40821004,41276186)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-YW-Q07-02)
文摘To model Skeletonema costatum blooms and their relationship with environmental parameters in situ, a S. costatum-specific zero-dimensional box model based on the mechanistic model Eco3M was established using physiological features. The parameters were calibrated using experimental counterparts, and simulations were compared with published laboratory findings. The resulting normalized objective function （NOF） values are less than 1.0 （and in most cases less than 0.58） and the values for the slope y （between 0.656 7-1.127 4） and R2 （between 0.806 8-0.971） are close to 1.0 for most of the sub-figures. This indicates good agreement between simulated and measured data and suggests that the model reproduces the general characteristics of S. costatum growth and use of nutrients under different N- or P-limiting conditions. The model is appropriate for further applications and can be used to test more scenarios using other nutrients.
文摘Accidents in a nuclear power plant are coped with by operators in the main control room (MCR). An analysis of the workload of operators in a MCR after the happening of initiating events is helpful to the alleviation of human errors and to the promotion of training efficiency. This paper establishes a framework of how man is located in a man-machine interface of a nuclear power plant (NPP) as well as a simulation of the man-machine scenario in accidents in NPPs, including the simulation of the operators' task and cognitive work and the establishment of task analysis. On the basis of the above, a model of the dynamic changes of the operators' tasks is constructed and a computation of operators' workload is conducted.
基金supported by the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals, the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2012CB955202 and 2012CB417404)"Western Pacific Ocean System: Structure, Dynamics, and Consequences" of the Chinese Academy Sciences (WPOS+1 种基金 Grant No. XDA10010405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41176014)
文摘The accurate simulation of the equatorial sea surlhce temperature （SST） variability is crucial for a proper representation or prediction of the El Nino-Southern Os- cillation （ENSO）. This paper describes the tropical variability simulated by the Max Planck Institute （MPI） forr meteorology coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model （CGCM）. A control simulation with pre-industrial greenhouse gases is analyzed, and the simulation of key oceanic features, such as SST, is compared with observa- tions. Results from the 400-yr control simulation show that the model＇s ENSO variability is quite realistic in terms of structure, strength, and period. Also, two related features （the annual cycle of SST and the-phase locking of ENSO events）, which are significant in determining the model＇s performance of realistic ENSO prediction, are further validated to be well reproduced by the MPI cli mate model, which is an atmospheric model ECHAM5 （which fuses the EC tbr European Center and HAM for Hamburg） coupled to an MPI ocean model （MPI-OM）, ECHAMS/MPI-OM.
