3D elastic-plastic FE model for simulating the force controlled stretch-bending process of double-cavity aluminum profile was established using hybrid explicit−implicit solvent method.Considering the computational acc...3D elastic-plastic FE model for simulating the force controlled stretch-bending process of double-cavity aluminum profile was established using hybrid explicit−implicit solvent method.Considering the computational accuracy and efficiency,the optimal choices of numerical parameters and algorithms in FE modelling were determined.The formation mechanisms of cross-section distortion and springback were revealed.The effects of pre-stretching,post-stretching,friction,and the addition of internal fillers on forming quality were investigated.The results show that the stress state of profile in stretch-bending is uniaxial with only a circumferential stress.The stress distribution along the length direction of profile is non-uniform and the maximum tensile stress is located at a certain distance away from the center of profile.As aluminum profile is gradually attached to bending die,the distribution characteristic of cross-section distortion along the length direction of profile changes from V-shape to W-shape.After unloading the forming tools,cross-section distortion decreases obviously due to the stress relaxation,with a maximum distortion difference of 13%before and after unloading.As pre-stretching and post-stretching forces increase,cross-section distortion increases gradually,while springback first decreases and then remains unchanged.With increasing friction between bending die and profile,cross-section distortion slightly decreases,while springback increases.Cross-section distortion decreases by 83%with adding PVC fillers into the cavities of profile,while springback increases by 192.2%.展开更多
DC DC convertors can convert the EV's high voltage DC power supply into the low voltage DC power supply. In order to design an excellent convertor one must be guided by theory of automatic control. The principl...DC DC convertors can convert the EV's high voltage DC power supply into the low voltage DC power supply. In order to design an excellent convertor one must be guided by theory of automatic control. The principle and the method of design, modeling and control for DC DC convertors of EV are introduced. The method of the system response to a unit step function input and the frequency response method are applied to researching the convertor's mathematics model and control characteristic. Experiments show that the designed DC DC convertor's output voltage precision is high, the antijamming ability is strong and the adjustable performance is fast and smooth.展开更多
The most prospective method for certain structural failures and damages that cannot employ redundancy is self-repairing techniques, to ensure especially the maximum flight safety. Based on the characters of self-repai...The most prospective method for certain structural failures and damages that cannot employ redundancy is self-repairing techniques, to ensure especially the maximum flight safety. Based on the characters of self-repairing aircraft, this paper states some basic assumptions of the self-repairing aircraft, and puts forward some special new conceptions concerning the self-repairing aircraft: control input, operating input, command input, repair input and operating and control factor as well as their relationships. Thus it provides a simple and reliable mathematical model structure for the research on the self-repairing control of the aircraft.展开更多
The application of a simplifed model reference adaptive control(SMRAC) on a typical Pump controlled motor electrohydraulic servo system is studied here. The algorithm of first-order scalar SMRAC ac second-order vector...The application of a simplifed model reference adaptive control(SMRAC) on a typical Pump controlled motor electrohydraulic servo system is studied here. The algorithm of first-order scalar SMRAC ac second-order vector SMRAC are derived. Computer simulations of the algorithms are presented. Experimental results prove that the method of control adopted here perform satisfactorily over a wide range of operating conditions.展开更多
The design of a turbofan rotor speed control system, using model reference adaptive control(MRAC) method with input and output measurements, is discussed for the purpose of practical application. The nonlinear compe...The design of a turbofan rotor speed control system, using model reference adaptive control(MRAC) method with input and output measurements, is discussed for the purpose of practical application. The nonlinear compensator based on functional link neural network is used to deal with the engine nonlinearity and the hardware-in-loop simulation is also developed. The results show that the nonlinear MRAC controller has the adequate performance of compensating and adapting nonlinearity arising from the change of engine state or working environment. Such feature demonstrates potential practical applications of MRAC for aeroengine control system.展开更多
A quarter-automobile active suspension model was proposed. High speed on/off solenoid valves were used as control valves and fuzzy control was chosen as control method . Based on force analyses of system parts, a math...A quarter-automobile active suspension model was proposed. High speed on/off solenoid valves were used as control valves and fuzzy control was chosen as control method . Based on force analyses of system parts, a mathematical model of the active suspension system was established and simplified by linearization method. Simulation study was conducted with Matlab and three scale coefficients of fuzzy controller (ke, kec, ku) were acquired. And an experimental device was designed and produced. The results indicate that the active suspension system can achieve better vibration isolation performance than passive suspension system, the displacement amplitude of automobile body can be reduced to 55%. Fuzzy control is an effective control method for active suspension system.展开更多
Human body communication(HBC) is a promising near-field communication(NFC) method emerging in recent years. But existing theoretical models of HBC are too simple to simulate the wave propagation on human body. In this...Human body communication(HBC) is a promising near-field communication(NFC) method emerging in recent years. But existing theoretical models of HBC are too simple to simulate the wave propagation on human body. In this work, in order to clarify the propagation mechanism of electromagnetic wave on human body, a surface waveguide HBC theoretical model based on stratified media cylinder is presented. A numerical model analyzed by finite element method(FEM) is used for comparing and validating the theoretical model. Finally, results of theoretical and numerical models from 80 MHz to 200 MHz agree fairly well, which means that theoretical model can characterize accurate propagation mechanism of HBC signal. Meanwhile, attenuation constants derived from two kinds of models are within the range from 1.64 to 3.37, so that HBC signal can propagate effectively on human body. The propagation mechanism derived from the theoretical model is useful to provide design information for the transmitter and the modeling of the propagation channel in HBC.展开更多
The hydraulic roll-bending device was studied, which was widely used in modem cold rolling mills to regulate the strip flatness. The loaded roll gap crown mathematic model and the strip crown mathematic model of the r...The hydraulic roll-bending device was studied, which was widely used in modem cold rolling mills to regulate the strip flatness. The loaded roll gap crown mathematic model and the strip crown mathematic model of the reversing cold rolling process were established, and the deformation model of roll stack system of the 6-high 1 250 mm high crown (HC) reversing cold rolling mill was built by slit beam method. The simulation results show that, the quadratic component of strip crown decreases nearly linearly with the increase of the work roll bending force, when the shifting value of intermediate roll is determined by the rolling process. From the first pass to the fifth pass of reversing rolling process, the crown controllability of bending force is gradually weakened. Base on analyzing the relationship among the main factors associated with roll-bending force in reversing multi-pass rolling, such as strip width and rolling force, a preset mathematic model of bending force is developed by genetic algorithm. The simulation data demonstrate that the relative deviation of flatness criterions in each rolling pass is improved significantly and the mean relative deviation of all five passes is decreased from 25.1% to 1.7%. The model can keep good shape in multi-pass reversing cold rolling process with the high prediction accuracy and can be used to guide the production process.展开更多
Characteristics of R22 and its new alternative refrigerant R200 flowing through adiabatic capillary tubes are investigated based on the homogeneous model. Extensive flow variables along tube length such as pressure, t...Characteristics of R22 and its new alternative refrigerant R200 flowing through adiabatic capillary tubes are investigated based on the homogeneous model. Extensive flow variables along tube length such as pressure, temperature, viscosity, velocity. Reynolds number, friction factor and vapor quality etc are compared between the two fluids under the same operating condition. Two cases are considered, namely, either the same tube length or the same mass flow rate as inlet condition. The results show that the mass flow rate in the capillary tube of R290 is 40% lower than that of R22 due to the differences of physical properties between the two fluids. Further. a parametric analysis is performed and it appears that effects of geometric and thermodynamic parameters on mass flow rate of R290 are weaker than that of R22. When the condensing temperature is increased from 40℃ to 50℃ C. the mass flow rate for R22 is increased by 16%. while the increasing rate for R290 is 13%.展开更多
Background: Many studies examining individual-level correlates in youth utilize self-report rather than objective measures of physical activity (PA). This utilization of self-report may result in associations that ...Background: Many studies examining individual-level correlates in youth utilize self-report rather than objective measures of physical activity (PA). This utilization of self-report may result in associations that are not present when examining objectively measured PA. The present study investigates the relationship between hypothesized correlates of PA with objectively and subjectively measured PA. Methods: Participating children (n 232, 101 males, mean age - 12.3 years) provided a minimum of four monitored days of PA (via accelerometer) and completed a survey assessing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sport competence, appearance, enjoyment, and self-efficacy. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Results: Hierarchical regression models controlling for sex, race, and BMI Z-score showed that only sex and BMI Z-score were significant correlates of objective MVPA while only sex was a significant correlate of objective total PA. However, in a separate model examining the relationship with subjective MVPA, enjoyment of PA and self-efficacy for PA were the only significant correlates of self-reported PA. Conclusion: Measuring MVPA via self-report versus accelerometry produces considerably different results in a sample of young adolescents. Future studies should use caution when selecting outcome measures if the intent is to identify modifiable correlates of MVPA in youth.展开更多
This study presents three kinds of skid-mounted plants, including single mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC), nitrogen expander cycle, and natural gas (NG) Claude cycle. Hysys simulation shows that single MRC is the mos...This study presents three kinds of skid-mounted plants, including single mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC), nitrogen expander cycle, and natural gas (NG) Claude cycle. Hysys simulation shows that single MRC is the most efficient cycle among the three. The specific power of single MRC liquefiers is 1 485 k.l/kg, 15% higher than that of large liquefaction process. Considering the recovery of stranded-gas, commercial analysis suggests that the initial cost of LNG plants ranging from 1 to 100 ms/day can be paid back in 2 to 4 years.展开更多
In this study, the developments in modeling gas-phase catalyzed olefin polymerization fluidized-bed reactors (FBR) using Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. The modified mathematical model to account for mass and h...In this study, the developments in modeling gas-phase catalyzed olefin polymerization fluidized-bed reactors (FBR) using Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. The modified mathematical model to account for mass and heat transfer between the solid particles and the surrounding gas in the emulsion phase is developed in this work to include site activation reaction. This model developed in the present study is subsequently compared with well-known models, namely, the bubble-growth, well-mixed and the constant bubble size models for porous and non porous catalyst. The results we obtained from the model was very close to the constant bubble size model, well-mixed model and bubble growth model at the beginning of the reaction but its overall behavior changed and is closer to the well-mixed model compared with the bubble growth model and constant bubble size model after half an hour of operation. Neural-network based predictive controller are implemented to control the system and compared with the conventional PID controller, giving acceptable results.展开更多
As a raw material,kaolin was modified to prepare a high-performance ammonium ion-exchange material.According to cation-exchange capacity (CEC) measurement,the prepared ammonium ion-exchange material has an ammonium io...As a raw material,kaolin was modified to prepare a high-performance ammonium ion-exchange material.According to cation-exchange capacity (CEC) measurement,the prepared ammonium ion-exchange material has an ammonium ion-exchange capacity greater than 75mg/g and can be used to remove ammonia nitrogen in water treatment.A pharmaceutical extruder-rounder was used to study the effects of granulation process.Polyethylene glycol6000 (PEG-6000) was used as the pore-forming agent and calcining temperature of 650℃ was used as the optimal condition.NMR data indicate that 27 Al is mainly converted from hexa-coordinated Al to tetra-coordinated Al during the modification.Compared with 29 Si in the original kaolin,29 Si in the modified kaolin does not have an obvious change.A comparison of the data with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models shows a good correlation.The Freundlich model describes the process more accurately,and the adsorption process of ammonia nitrogen in water with the ammonium ion-exchange material closely matches the pseudo-second-order reaction.展开更多
With a comprehensive consideration of multiple product types, past-sequence-dependent ( p-s-d ) setup times, and deterioration effects constraints in processes of wafer fabrication systems, a novel scheduling model ...With a comprehensive consideration of multiple product types, past-sequence-dependent ( p-s-d ) setup times, and deterioration effects constraints in processes of wafer fabrication systems, a novel scheduling model of multiple orders per job(MOJ) on identical parallel machines was developed and an immune genetic algorithm(IGA) was applied to solving the scheduling problem. A scheduling problem domain was described. A non-linear mathematical programming model was also set up with an objective function of minimizing total weighted earliness-tardlness penalties of the system. On the basis of the mathematical model, IGA was put forward. Based on the genetic algorithm (GA), the proposed algorithm (IGA) can generate feasible solutions and ensure the diversity of antibodies. In the process of immunization programming, to guarantee the algorithm's convergence performance, the modified rule of apparent tardiness cost with setups (ATCS) was presented. Finally, simulation experiments were designed, and the results indicated that the algorithm had good adaptability when the values of the constraints' characteristic parameters were changed and it verified the validity of the algorithm.展开更多
A new approach to variable relation parametric model for collaboration design based on the graphic modelon has been put forward. The paper gives a parametric description model of graphic modelon, and relating method f...A new approach to variable relation parametric model for collaboration design based on the graphic modelon has been put forward. The paper gives a parametric description model of graphic modelon, and relating method for different graphic modelon based on variable constraint. At the same time, with the aim of engineering application in the collaboration design, the autonmous constraint in modelon and relative constraint between two modelons are given. Finally, with the tool of variable and relation dbase, the solving method of variable relating and variable-driven among different graphic modelon in a part, and double-acting variable relating parametric method among different parts for collaboration are given.展开更多
Based on the engineering background of No.8402 stope face in Silaogou Coal Mine of Datong Mineral Bureau and the theory of plate presented by researchers before, considering surrounding rock structure in the stope and...Based on the engineering background of No.8402 stope face in Silaogou Coal Mine of Datong Mineral Bureau and the theory of plate presented by researchers before, considering surrounding rock structure in the stope and according to mechanical property of rock bodies with various kinds of joint planes, presented an assumption that the key roof was divided into a series of elastic plate group by joint planes, then set up mechanical model of elastic plate group with pin joint. After compared the deflection and the stress in the mechanical model by numerical modeling with data from field engineering, the rule of rock plates’ break in turn and the difference in rock plates’ stress during the roof’s first and periodic weighting along the stope face were found.展开更多
This paper addresses the issue of checking consistency in information models. A method based on constraint programming is proposed for identifying inconsistency or proving consistency in information models. The system...This paper addresses the issue of checking consistency in information models. A method based on constraint programming is proposed for identifying inconsistency or proving consistency in information models. The system described here checks information models written in the ISO standard information modelling language EXPRESS. EXPRESS is part of the ISO STEP standard used in the manufacturing and process industries. This paper describes the checking procedure, including EXPRESS model formalization, constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) derivation from the formalized model and satisfaction checking of the derived CSPs. This paper shows a new domain in which constraint programming can be exploited as model verification and validation.展开更多
We introduce the artificial fish swarm algorithm for heading motion model identification and control parameter optimization problems for the“Ocean Rambler”unmanned wave glider(UWG).First,under certain assumptions,th...We introduce the artificial fish swarm algorithm for heading motion model identification and control parameter optimization problems for the“Ocean Rambler”unmanned wave glider(UWG).First,under certain assumptions,the rigid-flexible multi-body system of the UWG was simplified as a rigid system composed of“thruster+float body”,based on which a planar motion model of the UWG was established.Second,we obtained the model parameters using an empirical method combined with parameter identification,which means that some parameters were estimated by the empirical method.In view of the specificity and importance of the heading control,heading model parameters were identified through the artificial fish swarm algorithm based on tank test data,so that we could take full advantage of the limited trial data to factually describe the dynamic characteristics of the system.Based on the established heading motion model,parameters of the heading S-surface controller were optimized using the artificial fish swarm algorithm.Heading motion comparison and maritime control experiments of the“Ocean Rambler”UWG were completed.Tank test results show high precision of heading motion prediction including heading angle and yawing angular velocity.The UWG shows good control performance in tank tests and sea trials.The efficiency of the proposed method is verified.展开更多
This work proposes a practical nonlinear controller for the MIMO levitation system. Firstly, the mathematical model of levitation modules is developed and the advantages of the control scheme with magnetic flux feedba...This work proposes a practical nonlinear controller for the MIMO levitation system. Firstly, the mathematical model of levitation modules is developed and the advantages of the control scheme with magnetic flux feedback are analyzed when compared with the current feedback. Then, a backstepping controller with magnetic flux feedback based on the mathematical model of levitation module is developed. To obtain magnetic flux signals for full-size maglev system, a physical method with induction coils installed to winding of the electromagnet is developed. Furthermore, to avoid its hardware addition, a novel conception of virtual magnetic flux feedback is proposed. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed controller, the nonlinear dynamic model of full-size maglev train with quintessential details is developed. Based on the nonlinear model, the numerical comparisons and related experimental validations are carried out. Finally, results illustrating closed-loop performance are provided.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52005244,U20A20275)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Nos.2021JJ30573,2023JJ60193)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body,China(No.31715011)。
文摘3D elastic-plastic FE model for simulating the force controlled stretch-bending process of double-cavity aluminum profile was established using hybrid explicit−implicit solvent method.Considering the computational accuracy and efficiency,the optimal choices of numerical parameters and algorithms in FE modelling were determined.The formation mechanisms of cross-section distortion and springback were revealed.The effects of pre-stretching,post-stretching,friction,and the addition of internal fillers on forming quality were investigated.The results show that the stress state of profile in stretch-bending is uniaxial with only a circumferential stress.The stress distribution along the length direction of profile is non-uniform and the maximum tensile stress is located at a certain distance away from the center of profile.As aluminum profile is gradually attached to bending die,the distribution characteristic of cross-section distortion along the length direction of profile changes from V-shape to W-shape.After unloading the forming tools,cross-section distortion decreases obviously due to the stress relaxation,with a maximum distortion difference of 13%before and after unloading.As pre-stretching and post-stretching forces increase,cross-section distortion increases gradually,while springback first decreases and then remains unchanged.With increasing friction between bending die and profile,cross-section distortion slightly decreases,while springback increases.Cross-section distortion decreases by 83%with adding PVC fillers into the cavities of profile,while springback increases by 192.2%.
文摘DC DC convertors can convert the EV's high voltage DC power supply into the low voltage DC power supply. In order to design an excellent convertor one must be guided by theory of automatic control. The principle and the method of design, modeling and control for DC DC convertors of EV are introduced. The method of the system response to a unit step function input and the frequency response method are applied to researching the convertor's mathematics model and control characteristic. Experiments show that the designed DC DC convertor's output voltage precision is high, the antijamming ability is strong and the adjustable performance is fast and smooth.
文摘The most prospective method for certain structural failures and damages that cannot employ redundancy is self-repairing techniques, to ensure especially the maximum flight safety. Based on the characters of self-repairing aircraft, this paper states some basic assumptions of the self-repairing aircraft, and puts forward some special new conceptions concerning the self-repairing aircraft: control input, operating input, command input, repair input and operating and control factor as well as their relationships. Thus it provides a simple and reliable mathematical model structure for the research on the self-repairing control of the aircraft.
文摘The application of a simplifed model reference adaptive control(SMRAC) on a typical Pump controlled motor electrohydraulic servo system is studied here. The algorithm of first-order scalar SMRAC ac second-order vector SMRAC are derived. Computer simulations of the algorithms are presented. Experimental results prove that the method of control adopted here perform satisfactorily over a wide range of operating conditions.
文摘The design of a turbofan rotor speed control system, using model reference adaptive control(MRAC) method with input and output measurements, is discussed for the purpose of practical application. The nonlinear compensator based on functional link neural network is used to deal with the engine nonlinearity and the hardware-in-loop simulation is also developed. The results show that the nonlinear MRAC controller has the adequate performance of compensating and adapting nonlinearity arising from the change of engine state or working environment. Such feature demonstrates potential practical applications of MRAC for aeroengine control system.
文摘A quarter-automobile active suspension model was proposed. High speed on/off solenoid valves were used as control valves and fuzzy control was chosen as control method . Based on force analyses of system parts, a mathematical model of the active suspension system was established and simplified by linearization method. Simulation study was conducted with Matlab and three scale coefficients of fuzzy controller (ke, kec, ku) were acquired. And an experimental device was designed and produced. The results indicate that the active suspension system can achieve better vibration isolation performance than passive suspension system, the displacement amplitude of automobile body can be reduced to 55%. Fuzzy control is an effective control method for active suspension system.
基金Project(2009ZX01031-001-007-2)supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project,China
文摘Human body communication(HBC) is a promising near-field communication(NFC) method emerging in recent years. But existing theoretical models of HBC are too simple to simulate the wave propagation on human body. In this work, in order to clarify the propagation mechanism of electromagnetic wave on human body, a surface waveguide HBC theoretical model based on stratified media cylinder is presented. A numerical model analyzed by finite element method(FEM) is used for comparing and validating the theoretical model. Finally, results of theoretical and numerical models from 80 MHz to 200 MHz agree fairly well, which means that theoretical model can characterize accurate propagation mechanism of HBC signal. Meanwhile, attenuation constants derived from two kinds of models are within the range from 1.64 to 3.37, so that HBC signal can propagate effectively on human body. The propagation mechanism derived from the theoretical model is useful to provide design information for the transmitter and the modeling of the propagation channel in HBC.
基金Project(20050311890) supported by the Science and Technology Development Foundation of University of Science and Technology Beijing,China
文摘The hydraulic roll-bending device was studied, which was widely used in modem cold rolling mills to regulate the strip flatness. The loaded roll gap crown mathematic model and the strip crown mathematic model of the reversing cold rolling process were established, and the deformation model of roll stack system of the 6-high 1 250 mm high crown (HC) reversing cold rolling mill was built by slit beam method. The simulation results show that, the quadratic component of strip crown decreases nearly linearly with the increase of the work roll bending force, when the shifting value of intermediate roll is determined by the rolling process. From the first pass to the fifth pass of reversing rolling process, the crown controllability of bending force is gradually weakened. Base on analyzing the relationship among the main factors associated with roll-bending force in reversing multi-pass rolling, such as strip width and rolling force, a preset mathematic model of bending force is developed by genetic algorithm. The simulation data demonstrate that the relative deviation of flatness criterions in each rolling pass is improved significantly and the mean relative deviation of all five passes is decreased from 25.1% to 1.7%. The model can keep good shape in multi-pass reversing cold rolling process with the high prediction accuracy and can be used to guide the production process.
基金Supported by the Fund of"985 Project"of Tianjin University (TD2001011).
文摘Characteristics of R22 and its new alternative refrigerant R200 flowing through adiabatic capillary tubes are investigated based on the homogeneous model. Extensive flow variables along tube length such as pressure, temperature, viscosity, velocity. Reynolds number, friction factor and vapor quality etc are compared between the two fluids under the same operating condition. Two cases are considered, namely, either the same tube length or the same mass flow rate as inlet condition. The results show that the mass flow rate in the capillary tube of R290 is 40% lower than that of R22 due to the differences of physical properties between the two fluids. Further. a parametric analysis is performed and it appears that effects of geometric and thermodynamic parameters on mass flow rate of R290 are weaker than that of R22. When the condensing temperature is increased from 40℃ to 50℃ C. the mass flow rate for R22 is increased by 16%. while the increasing rate for R290 is 13%.
基金funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(K01-DP001126)
文摘Background: Many studies examining individual-level correlates in youth utilize self-report rather than objective measures of physical activity (PA). This utilization of self-report may result in associations that are not present when examining objectively measured PA. The present study investigates the relationship between hypothesized correlates of PA with objectively and subjectively measured PA. Methods: Participating children (n 232, 101 males, mean age - 12.3 years) provided a minimum of four monitored days of PA (via accelerometer) and completed a survey assessing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sport competence, appearance, enjoyment, and self-efficacy. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Results: Hierarchical regression models controlling for sex, race, and BMI Z-score showed that only sex and BMI Z-score were significant correlates of objective MVPA while only sex was a significant correlate of objective total PA. However, in a separate model examining the relationship with subjective MVPA, enjoyment of PA and self-efficacy for PA were the only significant correlates of self-reported PA. Conclusion: Measuring MVPA via self-report versus accelerometry produces considerably different results in a sample of young adolescents. Future studies should use caution when selecting outcome measures if the intent is to identify modifiable correlates of MVPA in youth.
文摘This study presents three kinds of skid-mounted plants, including single mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC), nitrogen expander cycle, and natural gas (NG) Claude cycle. Hysys simulation shows that single MRC is the most efficient cycle among the three. The specific power of single MRC liquefiers is 1 485 k.l/kg, 15% higher than that of large liquefaction process. Considering the recovery of stranded-gas, commercial analysis suggests that the initial cost of LNG plants ranging from 1 to 100 ms/day can be paid back in 2 to 4 years.
文摘In this study, the developments in modeling gas-phase catalyzed olefin polymerization fluidized-bed reactors (FBR) using Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. The modified mathematical model to account for mass and heat transfer between the solid particles and the surrounding gas in the emulsion phase is developed in this work to include site activation reaction. This model developed in the present study is subsequently compared with well-known models, namely, the bubble-growth, well-mixed and the constant bubble size models for porous and non porous catalyst. The results we obtained from the model was very close to the constant bubble size model, well-mixed model and bubble growth model at the beginning of the reaction but its overall behavior changed and is closer to the well-mixed model compared with the bubble growth model and constant bubble size model after half an hour of operation. Neural-network based predictive controller are implemented to control the system and compared with the conventional PID controller, giving acceptable results.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.06YFGPSH04300)
文摘As a raw material,kaolin was modified to prepare a high-performance ammonium ion-exchange material.According to cation-exchange capacity (CEC) measurement,the prepared ammonium ion-exchange material has an ammonium ion-exchange capacity greater than 75mg/g and can be used to remove ammonia nitrogen in water treatment.A pharmaceutical extruder-rounder was used to study the effects of granulation process.Polyethylene glycol6000 (PEG-6000) was used as the pore-forming agent and calcining temperature of 650℃ was used as the optimal condition.NMR data indicate that 27 Al is mainly converted from hexa-coordinated Al to tetra-coordinated Al during the modification.Compared with 29 Si in the original kaolin,29 Si in the modified kaolin does not have an obvious change.A comparison of the data with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models shows a good correlation.The Freundlich model describes the process more accurately,and the adsorption process of ammonia nitrogen in water with the ammonium ion-exchange material closely matches the pseudo-second-order reaction.
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.61273035,No.71071115)
文摘With a comprehensive consideration of multiple product types, past-sequence-dependent ( p-s-d ) setup times, and deterioration effects constraints in processes of wafer fabrication systems, a novel scheduling model of multiple orders per job(MOJ) on identical parallel machines was developed and an immune genetic algorithm(IGA) was applied to solving the scheduling problem. A scheduling problem domain was described. A non-linear mathematical programming model was also set up with an objective function of minimizing total weighted earliness-tardlness penalties of the system. On the basis of the mathematical model, IGA was put forward. Based on the genetic algorithm (GA), the proposed algorithm (IGA) can generate feasible solutions and ensure the diversity of antibodies. In the process of immunization programming, to guarantee the algorithm's convergence performance, the modified rule of apparent tardiness cost with setups (ATCS) was presented. Finally, simulation experiments were designed, and the results indicated that the algorithm had good adaptability when the values of the constraints' characteristic parameters were changed and it verified the validity of the algorithm.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (No. 01042209)
文摘A new approach to variable relation parametric model for collaboration design based on the graphic modelon has been put forward. The paper gives a parametric description model of graphic modelon, and relating method for different graphic modelon based on variable constraint. At the same time, with the aim of engineering application in the collaboration design, the autonmous constraint in modelon and relative constraint between two modelons are given. Finally, with the tool of variable and relation dbase, the solving method of variable relating and variable-driven among different graphic modelon in a part, and double-acting variable relating parametric method among different parts for collaboration are given.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (10372111)
文摘Based on the engineering background of No.8402 stope face in Silaogou Coal Mine of Datong Mineral Bureau and the theory of plate presented by researchers before, considering surrounding rock structure in the stope and according to mechanical property of rock bodies with various kinds of joint planes, presented an assumption that the key roof was divided into a series of elastic plate group by joint planes, then set up mechanical model of elastic plate group with pin joint. After compared the deflection and the stress in the mechanical model by numerical modeling with data from field engineering, the rule of rock plates’ break in turn and the difference in rock plates’ stress during the roof’s first and periodic weighting along the stope face were found.
文摘This paper addresses the issue of checking consistency in information models. A method based on constraint programming is proposed for identifying inconsistency or proving consistency in information models. The system described here checks information models written in the ISO standard information modelling language EXPRESS. EXPRESS is part of the ISO STEP standard used in the manufacturing and process industries. This paper describes the checking procedure, including EXPRESS model formalization, constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) derivation from the formalized model and satisfaction checking of the derived CSPs. This paper shows a new domain in which constraint programming can be exploited as model verification and validation.
基金Project(51779052)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(QC2016062)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China+2 种基金Project(614221503091701)supported by the Research Fund from Science and Technology on Underwater Vehicle Laboratory,ChinaProject(LBH-Q17046)supported by the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Funds for Scientific Research Initiation,ChinaProject(HEUCFP201741)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘We introduce the artificial fish swarm algorithm for heading motion model identification and control parameter optimization problems for the“Ocean Rambler”unmanned wave glider(UWG).First,under certain assumptions,the rigid-flexible multi-body system of the UWG was simplified as a rigid system composed of“thruster+float body”,based on which a planar motion model of the UWG was established.Second,we obtained the model parameters using an empirical method combined with parameter identification,which means that some parameters were estimated by the empirical method.In view of the specificity and importance of the heading control,heading model parameters were identified through the artificial fish swarm algorithm based on tank test data,so that we could take full advantage of the limited trial data to factually describe the dynamic characteristics of the system.Based on the established heading motion model,parameters of the heading S-surface controller were optimized using the artificial fish swarm algorithm.Heading motion comparison and maritime control experiments of the“Ocean Rambler”UWG were completed.Tank test results show high precision of heading motion prediction including heading angle and yawing angular velocity.The UWG shows good control performance in tank tests and sea trials.The efficiency of the proposed method is verified.
基金Projects(11302252,11202230)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘This work proposes a practical nonlinear controller for the MIMO levitation system. Firstly, the mathematical model of levitation modules is developed and the advantages of the control scheme with magnetic flux feedback are analyzed when compared with the current feedback. Then, a backstepping controller with magnetic flux feedback based on the mathematical model of levitation module is developed. To obtain magnetic flux signals for full-size maglev system, a physical method with induction coils installed to winding of the electromagnet is developed. Furthermore, to avoid its hardware addition, a novel conception of virtual magnetic flux feedback is proposed. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed controller, the nonlinear dynamic model of full-size maglev train with quintessential details is developed. Based on the nonlinear model, the numerical comparisons and related experimental validations are carried out. Finally, results illustrating closed-loop performance are provided.