基于核基因组的樟科檬果樟属亚洲类群系统发育关系的重建

【目的】樟科Lauraceae檬果樟属Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw植物种子含油量丰富,果实和木材极具开发潜力。由于该属亚洲类群种间差异小、种间关系混乱、现存标本量少,人们对该属植物了解甚少,极大地阻碍了檬果樟属物种的开发利用,因此,构建檬果樟属亚洲类群的系统发育关系迫在眉睫。【方法】为了深入了解檬果樟属亚洲类群,采用二代测序技术分别获得44个檬果樟属植物的核糖体基因组(nrG)序列构建高支持的系统发育关系,并综合系统发育结果与形态性状比较论证。【结果】使用nrDNA序列矩阵构建ML树和贝叶斯树,ML树和贝叶斯树的分组完全一致。对比ITS树发现除檬果樟和宽叶檬果樟外的系统发育结构基本一致,老挝檬果樟、缘毛檬果樟和河口檬果樟依然共同聚成在一个大分支下,且宽叶檬果樟和檬果樟2个物种也聚在一起。ITS序列和nrDNA序列树都表明:宽叶檬果樟和檬果樟亲缘关系较近;老挝檬果樟、河口檬果樟和缘毛檬果樟的亲缘关系较近,推测这2个物种之间可能发生过杂交或基因交流。综合形态性状辅助论证,将44个檬果樟属样本分为9组,依次为小花檬果樟C.henryi、赤毛檬果樟C.poilanei、二药室檬果樟C.bilocellata、麻栗坡檬果樟C.malipoensis、宽叶檬果樟C.latifolia、檬果樟C.tonkinensis、河口檬果樟C.hekouensis、缘毛檬果樟C.metallica和老挝檬果樟C.laotica。【结论】研究结果不仅揭示了檬果樟属亚洲类群的种间亲缘关系,还对檬果樟属系统发育关系和性状的研究具有重要的生态意义和经济意义。

檬果樟属的分类与分布兼论这一分布区类型的特征

作者在本文中讨论了檬果樟属(Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw)的分类和分布。该属约14种,其中7种见于热带亚洲,7种见于热带美洲,其分布属于热带亚洲和热带美洲分布区式样。这一分布区式样的属在我国共有33个,隶属于27科。作者对这一分布区式样的属进行分析,论述这一分布区式样的特征,推测它们大多可能在中生代起源于古南大陆并且主要是第三纪古热带区系成分。

右江河谷芒果资源的开发前景及措施

右江河谷芒果资源的开发前景及措施罗桂梅，黄宁芒果又名檬果，属于漆树科，芒果属，它是热用著名的水果，素有“热带果王”之称。其果实品质佳，色泽鲜艳，味道香甜，风味特殊，富含维生素。果子除鲜食外，还可以加工成蜜饯、果干、罐头、果汁、果酒、果酱等多种产品和保...

Micronutrient Contents of Citrus Orchard Soils in Southern China

Investigations were carried out on the micronutrient contents,of major citrus orchard soils (involving seven soil great groups in 8 provinces and an autonomous region of southern China),and an evaluation on the abundance and deficiency of available micronutrients in these soils was made in this paper.In southern China,citrus orchard soils derived from sandstone,sandy shale,Quaternary red clay,diluvial deposit,granite gneiss and neritic deposit were deficient in available Mo and B and low in Zn.Those developed on purple sandy shale,limestone and slope deposit were all in short supply of available Zn,B and Mo.Coastal solonchak was fairly abundant in B,but its available Fe,Zn and Mo contents were rather low.

Citrate-stabilized CdSe/CdS quantum dots as fluorescence probe for protein determination

A rapid, ultrasensitive and convenient fluorescence measurement technology based on the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity resulting from the interaction of functionalized CdSe/CdS quantum dots （QDs） with bov/ne serum albumin （BSA） was proposed. The citrate-stabilized CdSe/CdS （QDs） were synthesized by using Se powder and Na2S as precursors instead of any pyrophoric organometallic precursors. The modified CdSe/CdS QDs are brighter and more stable against photobleaching in comparison with organic fluorophores. At pH 7.0, the fluorescence signal of CdSe/CdS is enhanced by increasing the concentration of BSA in the range of 0.1-10 μg/mL, and the low detection limit is 0.06 μg/mL. A linear relationship between the enhanced fluorescence peak intensity （△F） and BSA concentration （c） is established using equation △F=50.7c＋16.4 （R=0.996 36）. Results of determination for BSA in three synthetic samples are identical with the true values, and the recovery （98.9%-102.4%） and relative standard deviation （RSD, 1.8%-2.5%） are satisfactory.

Determination of Hesperidin and Limonin Levels as Part of the Defense Mechanism of Some Lemon Varieties [Citrus limon （L,） Burm f.] against Mal Secco Disease [Phoma tracheiphila （Petri） Kanc,et Ghik,]

In this paper, it was aimed to identified and quantified hesperidin and limonin compounds using HPLC （High Performance Liquid Chromatography） techniques against to developing of mal secco disease caused by Phoma tracheiphila. Six citrus lemon varieties （Meyer, Kiitdiken, Enterdonato, Yediveren, Sweet lemon and Euroka） were infected by P. tracheiphila and artificial inoculation were applied in vivo conditions. Before and after inoculation, leaf, branch and stem samples were taken from each lemon varieties. The results show that the amount of hesperidin and limonin concentration was increased after the inoculations at various levels based on the lemon cultivars. Various concentrations （1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 ppm） of hesperidin and limonin compounds were also tested under in vitro conditions to compare response of P. tracheiphila development. According to the results, hesperidin and limonin compounds play an important role against to P. tracheiphila development and Sweet Lemon variety was found to be the most resistance both observation and HPLC results.

Effect of CaCl2, Citric Acid and Storage Period on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Cherry Candy

Cherry cultivar Misri （Bigarreau Noir Grossa） was used for making candy. Pitting of fruit was done manually and KMS （0.2%） was added for bleaching. The fruit was pretreated using 4 levels of CaCl2 （Co = 0%, C1 = 1%, C2 = 1.5%, C3 = 2%） and stored in jars for 4 weeks. Thereafter, application of colour was done using Erythrosine （0.05%） followed by dipping pitted fruits in sugar syrup for 24 hours. The samples were treated with 4 levels of citric acid （To = 0%, Tl = 1%, T2 = 1.5%, T3 = 2%） and then concentrated subsequently till desired TSS of 70~ Brix was attained. The samples were dried in cabinet drier at 80 ±20 ℃till constant moisture was attained. The product was packed in polyethene pouches and stored under ambient storage conditions. Results revealed that there was gradual increase in reducing sugars （%）, total sugars （%） during storage while as moisture content （%） decreased. The product developed was found economically profitable and viable for commercial production.

Soil Micronutrients and Citrus Growth

By using nutritional diagnosis of citrus leaves and determining soil micronutrients,the relationship between soil micronutrients and citrus growth in southern China has been studied.Studies showed that there was a significant positive correlation between available micronutrients (such as Zn,Mo,Cu)in the soil and the corresponding nutrients in citrus leaves.Thus,one can roughly learn of the sufficiency or deficiency of certain nutrients in soils by analyzing citrus leaves.Rational spray of Zn B or Mo fertilizer not only improved citrus yields but also increased the total sugar of Satsuma mandarin and of Xinhui orange by 2.9 and 17.2% respectively compared with the control.Spraying Mo fertilizer increased the vitamin C content of Satsuma mandarin juice by 4.7%-8.4%,maturated fruits 7-10 days earlier and gave the peel a brighter color.The ultramicroscopic characteristics of Zn-deficient citrus leaves were investigated under an electron microscope.Results showed that the Zn-deficient leaf cell was characterized mainly by poor cytoplasm,endoplasmic reticula and ribosomes and by big starch grains in the chloroplast.As a result of spraying Zn fertilizer the structure of the cell returned to normal,the cytoplasm became rich and the amount of chloroplast increased.There also appeared a great deal of multiform endoplasmic reticula,thus promoting the photosynthesis of Zn-deficient plants.This provides a cytologico-theoretical basis for fertilization of high-yielding citrus trees.

Effect of Organic Ligands on Biological Availability of Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils

Citrate, oxalate, tartrate and malate were added into soils during the growthperiod of ryegrass to study the effect of different organic ligands on the release of variousinorganic P (Pi) fractions in a yellow-brown soil and a paddy soil. The results showed that oxalatewas most effective in promoting the release of total Pi in the yellow-brown soil and tartrate in thepaddy soil. The dominant Pi fractions released from the yellow-brown soil were calcium phosphate(Ca-P) and aluminum phosphate (Al-P) and those from the paddy soil were iron phosphate (Fe-P) andreductant soluble phosphate (O-P) mobilized by tartrate. Phosphorous-mobilizing capability oforganic acids in the yellow-brown soil revealed the following order: oxalate > citrate > malate >tartrate. In the paddy soil, the order was tartrate > citrate ≈ oxalate > malate. It wasdemonstrated that organic ligands were different in their capabilities of mobilizing Pi and the sameorganic ligand showed also a discrepancy in mobilizing P in different soils. Although the additionof organic ligands into soils could increase the amount of P taken up by ryegrass, the more uptakeof P, however, was not only due to the more release of Pi, but also partly from organic P. In manycases, organic ligands promoted the release of the total Pi, while different fractions showeddifferent trends: some increased and others decreased.

The Quality of High Pressure-Induced and Heat-Induced Hyuganatsu Marmalade

Hyuganatsu is a typical Japanese citrus with desirous smell and edible albedo. The objectives of this study are to establish a method for softening hyuganatsu peel without heating and a process for making a high pressure-induced （HP-） marmalade and to compare with heat-induced （H-） marmalade and citrus shaddock family marmalade. Firmness of peel was （greatest to least） pressurized at 500 MPa for 30 min, soaked in citric acid solution at pH 2.7 for 24 h, and boiled for 10 min, respectively. The cell walls of flavedo and albedo did not loosen after pressurization. However, after soaking or heating, the middle lamella of albedo separated. When flavedo was soaked at pH 2.7, 9.3% of pectin was extracted. The amount of naringin was the least in hyuganatsu 〈 pummelo 〈 grapefruit）, and juice sacs 〈 flavedo 〈 segment walls 〈 albedo, respectively. Thus, marmalade was processed. Albedo, segment walls and juice sacs of hyuganatsu were homogenized with citric acid solution （pH 2.7） and mixed with sliced flavedo. Then it was soaked for 24 h at pH 2.7. Sucrose was then added （final sugar 50%）, vacuum packed, then pressurized for 30 min at 500 MPa or boiled for 10 min, respectively. There was no significant difference in sensory evaluation between HP- and H-marmalade. However, the color, transparency and total evaluation of HP-marmalade were better than H-marmalade. Consequently, total evaluation of hyuganatsu-HP-marmalade was rated highly. So, hyuganatsu was considered to be more suitable for marmalade because it was more palatable than the others.

中国樟科物种编目:问题和展望

樟科（Lauraceae）隶属于被子植物木兰亚纲（Magnoliidae）木兰超目（Magnolianae）樟目（Laurales）（Reveal＆Chase,2011）。该科的化石记录可追溯至白垩纪中期,现存50属2,500–3,000种,泛热带分布（李捷和李锡文,2004）,是被子植物分类中最困难的科之一（Paton et al.,2008）。

热带“果王”--芒果

果形似鹅蛋,色泽鲜艳,风味独特的芒果,又名檬果、庵罗果、蜜望子等。它是盛产于热带地区的名贵水果,以果形美观、色泽金黄、肉质甜美、气味芳香而蛋声于世,故被誉为“热带果王”。佛国古树芒果的故乡在印度。在印度许多古代遗址里都曾发掘出芒果的化石遗存。

Soil Physical Quality of Citrus Orchards Under Tillage, Herbicide, and Organic Managements

Soil capacity to support life and to produce economic goods and services is strongly linked to the maintenance of good soil physical quality(SPQ). In this study, the SPQ of citrus orchards was assessed under three different soil managements, namely no-tillage using herbicides, tillage under chemical farming, and no-tillage under organic farming. Commonly used indicators, such as soil bulk density,organic carbon content, and structural stability index, were considered in conjunction with capacitive indicators estimated by the Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameter(BEST) method. The measurements taken at the L'Alcoleja Experimental Station in Spain yielded optimal values for soil bulk density and organic carbon content in 100% and 70% of cases for organic farming. The values of structural stability index indicated that the soil was stable in 90% of cases. Differences between the soil management practices were particularly clear in terms of plant-available water capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Under organic farming, the soil had the greatest ability to store and provide water to plant roots, and to quickly drain excess water and facilitate root proliferation.Management practices adopted under organic farming(such as vegetation cover between the trees, chipping after pruning, and spreading the chips on the soil surface) improved the SPQ. Conversely, the conventional management strategies unequivocally led to soil degradation owing to the loss of organic matter, soil compaction, and reduced structural stability. The results in this study show that organic farming has a clear positive impact on the SPQ, suggesting that tillage and herbicide treatments should be avoided.