从中国文学的语言变迁看当代文学的语体多元化

从文学语言的角度,可以将中国文学的历史进程划分为滥觞时代、文言时代、文白时代和白话时代等四个历史性的时代。自五四“文学革命”以来,现当代文学曾经几度繁荣,但目前却在市场经济的冲击下,跌进了历史的低谷。当代文学变革的唯一出路,就是实行文学语体的多元化,即通过文言文的复兴、白话文的分化、欧化文的独立和网话文的崛起等,彻底打破白话文的语体垄断和普通话的话语霸权,从而迎来中国文学史上一个语体多元化的新时代,促进当代文学的繁荣与发展。

European Explorers＇ Engagements with Sexuality in Indigenous Cultures： The Forsters＇ Interpretations of Tahitian Sexual Practices

While current analyses of European interpretations of non-western cultures are guided by a modern concept of sexuality, this article argues for a more encompassing, historical awareness by drawing historical constructs of sexuality into the analysis. To illustrate the point, it will analyze the accounts of indigenous sexual practices written by the botanist Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg, in the wake of Cook＇s voyages. These accounts differ starkly, even though the authors participated in the same expedition. As the post-structural textual analysis of the text makes apparent, each author has a specific concept of sexuality in mind. These perceptions affirm the change taking place in 18th-century European culture, as analyzed by Foucault. Moreover, the textual analysis strongly suggests that their respective views of sexuality impact upon their interpretations of Tahitian culture at large. As a consequence, the article furthers insight into ＂Western＂ ways of interpreting ＂non-western＂ cultures.

Humanistic Principles in the Circle of European Literature Themes

There is the question--can we hope that humanism and erudition can redevelop nowadays？ In the long history of humanistic inheritance, from ancient times till the end of the 18th century, there was obvious decadence of essential humanistic points. As the historial period, humanism means revival of classical culture, and as a specific culturological phenomenon, it means erudite education created by Hellens and developed by Romans, who recovered ＂humanitas＂ as global education. Italy was the first who helped humanists to contemplate on classical culture; and in post-medieval age, Italian humanists achieved a supreme measure of humanism through their ＂humanistic studies.＂ We will try to point out good achievements of humanism erudite education in European culture in later epochs. Humanism leads man to turn over to world--after medieval stricture--and it becomes self-conscious revolution, what we can see in Latin literature till the 18th century. Rise of individualism, development of libraries and humanistic academies give chance to latin tradition in European literature as universal discipline, including erudite education in international corpus （Ragusa also）. High-intellectual and latinized elites with humanistic state of mind develop complex spiritual inteligency with science requests in later epochs too. We will try to explain in which degree humanism, with its synthetic point of view, influences on later corpus of European literary themes and how great its actuallity is nowdays.

The Hind as the Ancestress, Ergo Virgin Mary-- Comparative Study About the Common Origin Myth of the Hun and Hungarian People

Numerous legends are known in Eurasia, in which one or more hunters are trying to get a stag, and then the hunters will find a new homeland, or establish a new cathedral at the location where the deer appeared earlier. According to the structure of the legend, the Eastern legend type is more ancient. In its most archaic version the sole hero spots a doe, who later turns out to be the daughter of a king, later marrying the hero and then they found a new homeland where his people may reproduce. This totemic tradition of the origins can he seen in the Hungarian myths of origin, as well as in the oral ritual texts related to wedding ceremonies which connect Central Eurasia with Europe through the Hun origin myths. The doe appearing in the Eastern Legends is the symbol of the Sun and the ancestress of the culture hero＇s nation. And this symbolic role descends to the cultural heritage of the Christian era later in the person of Virgin Mary. The aim of the paper is to find whether there are any correspondences between the two branches and if there are, the sort is to be determined; furthermore, the purposes of the Hungarian legends are to be sought out about the Miracle Stag in possible relation to the deer legends on the two continents linked together by the Eurasian steppes.

Lusitan Identity Paradoxes Revealed by Fado Songs

This paper briefly presents the methods and the results of the investigation conducted within the doctoral study. The goal is to investigate the phenomenon of fado songs in the context of cultural transformations that take place in the uniting Europe. During the investigation, we tried to verify the problem of national and cultural identity of the Portuguese and their attitude towards ethno-cultural auto-identification in fado. According to the research results, the Portuguese are profoundly conscious of the relation between fado and their national and cultural identity. The results show that the Portuguese also consider the songs so strongly tied to their own nation, history, and places in Portugal, that this makes impossible for the foreigners to understand the message （even though some listeners claim, that they ＂feel＂ fado, though not being able to understand the lyrics）. The research results proved that the Portuguese consider fado as a carrier of their identity, or even ＂Portuguese soul＂.

Analysis of Winterbourne in Daisy Miller

Henry James is one of the greatest novelists, who enjoys great reputation in the English literary world. He spent many years in Europe. Fie had deep and subtle insights into the life of the upper class in America and Europe. He experienced the cultural differences between America and Europe profoundly, which was demonstrated in his literary works. Daisy Miller is one of the representative works of Henry James, reveals his ＂international theme＂, the American innocence in face of European sophistication, In D^dsy Miller, Winterbourne is an undeniable protagonist, embodies both narrative and symbolic meaning. Through his narration and his representative features of the sophistication of European culture, we can gradually realize that it is the inevitable collision between new world and old world that leads to the pathetic ending of Daisy Miller.

Translation and Enculturation as a Process of Acculturation

When we look through the world history, it can be seen clearly that language has a great role on culture, arts, and social movements, and the translation is an important player in this context. A commonly shared European culture together with its values has emerged as a product of such sociolinguistic dynamics. Following these encounters, whether at word borrowing level or morpho-syntactical level, European languages have had positive and/or negative effects on each other and have evolved ever since in this way as they have permeated themselves into culture. From the point of view on translation＇s intermediary role in enabling interaction between cultures throughout the history, the aim of the present study is to problematize the answers to the following questions： What are cultural ramifications that stem from linguistic encounter？ What are the contributions of translated language to acculturation and enculturation processes？ Can the new information through translation produce a culture translation phenomenon？ How the hybrid understanding functions？ Translation itself is a language encounter that makes impact on targeted languages as well as on its source. In this study, the dynamics that form this encounter space as a meta textual phenomenon has been problematized.

From the History of Georgian-German Cultural and Political Relationship： Prince Erekle in Berlin

Georgian kings and princes were trying to establish ties and to develop relationships with European monarchies. In times of cultural, religious, demographic crisis, the Catholic missions sent by the Pope, and Russian ambassadors hold out hope to the Bagrations. In such circumstances, Georgians became closer to Europeans. The Capuchins, the Theatines, Jesuit monks were honored guests and members of the royal retinue in the Georgian Kingdoms-Princedoms. Thanks to them, in XVII-XVIII centuries, were brought up such Georgians thinkers as： Vakhushti Batonishvili, Beri Egnatashvili, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Vakhtang VI, Teimuraz II, daughter of Vaghtang VI, Tamar （mother of King Erekle II）, etc. In addition, at the royal courts of Russia and Persia, it became fashionable to send their Princes to Europe, in order to get an education. The best example of this is Peter the Great and Nader Shah＇s son--known as Baron Semlin. From XVIII century, in the history of Georgian-German relations, there are authentic sources about Georgians＇ stay in Germany. Among the sources, if taking them chronologically, the oldest is about military education of Prince Erekle. The following sources are about visits of other Georgian Princes to Germany. The next sources tell about the military campaign of Georgian Hussars regiment, in whose ranks poet Davit Guramishvili was fighting. Among the above-mentioned sources, in the Georgian historiography, the issue of Davit Guramishvili has been well researched, but the same cannot be said of King Erekle II.

Integration Approach to Studying of Regional Music Cultures --On an Example of the Eastern Europe

The paper based on the proposed integrative approach to studying music cultures of the Eastern Europe. Come to light the factors of integration promoting interference and enrichment of national musical cultures. The region of national composer schools actively joined in world art process in the second half of the 19th century （Czechia, Poland, and Hungary） and in the 20th century （Bulgaria, Slovakia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Macedonia） Theme of this paper is to identify the basic principles of this region. The purpose of the work, defining features of the musical cultures of the Eastern European region as a whole, also here highlights the commonality of the creative ideas of representatives of the region--Bartok, Janachek, Martinu, etc.. Method of developing is defined by their orientation to the disclosure of topic. The paper used the comparative-typological and integrated approaches and methods of analysis

The influence and enlightenment of Confucian cultural education on modern European civilization

Confucianism,not only is the core of Chinese cultural educational thoughts but its influence has been identified in the West by the European scholars.And with the impact of Confucianism civilization,the theological authority in the Dark Ages wavered.The human-based ideas of Confucianism that people are the foundation of the country,the governing way of“Governance with virtue”,the way of personnel placement that men of great virtue and talent are elected who will cultivate mutual trust and promote universal understanding,the nationwide education thought that there should be education for everyone without distinction and the imperial examination system under the idea that those who excellently learned should serve(in the government),have exerted beneficial influences on the European modern civilization.Looking back at the course of Confucian influence in the West and the influence on the Enlightenment and modern civilization,it is easy to find that Confucianism education is of universal value in the pluralistic cultural world,which can enhance the cultural identification and cultural consciousness of a nation,creating a heritage of excellent cultural education and enriching the connotation of the contemporary cultural education.

Enhancing China＇s National Image Through Culture Festivals： A Case Study of China Culture Years in Europe

Since the mid-2000s, the PRC has increasingly focused on pursuing cultural diplomacy abroad to improve its national image and enhance cultural soft power. Although China＇s cultural ＂Charm Offensive＂ has not gone unnoticed, a variety of specific activities have not been subject to research so far. This paper, therefore, attempts to fill this research gap by analyzing Chinese state-level cultural diplomacy through a comparative case study of three China Culture Year events held in France （2004）, Italy （2010）, and Germany （2012）. These findings are subsequently compared to the China Culture Year in Australia （2012）, thereby allowing the identification of spatial variations. I argue that the Chinese government applies a general approach of organizing the events abroad by making use of local institu- tions. At the same time, through the strategic selection of events, the festivals portray distinct national images that transmit particular narratives of self-presentation to the European audience and take into account country-specific preferences.

The Clash of Solidarities in the European Union Rethinking Jiirgen Habermas＇ Conception of Solidarity in the Transnational Context

The term solidarity is used extensively in the current political debate in Europe. Many times, the European Union is accused of a ＂lack of solidarity＂. But is this really the case？ From the perspective of political theory, Jurgen Habermas convincingly argues that solidarity beyond the nation state is indeed possible - even without a European demos. Since solidarity was artificially constructed within the nation state, it could very well expand into a form of transnational solidarity. However, the European Union is a complex sui generis institution, characterized by its multi-level governance. This paper therefore complements Habermas＇ concep- tion by Andrea Sangiovanni＇s reciprocity-based internationalism which differenti- ates more detailed between national, member state and transnational solidarity. Moreover, the paper argues that the democratic deficiencies and the economic liberalization in the European Union led to a fourth form of solidarity： a revived solidarity with the nation state. The current situation within the European Union is thus not the result of a lack of solidarity. On the contrary, there is plenty of solidarity around. However, the parallel existence of these different forms of solidarity could not persist without conflicts under the given discourse where solidarity is framed as a zero-sum game. Hence, the European Union does not suffer from a lack of solidarity but rather from a clash of multiple solidarities.