The objective of this study is to investigate the outcomes of co-branding strategy in the assessment of the brand managers of analysed companies on European market and verification if a co-branding gives the opportuni...The objective of this study is to investigate the outcomes of co-branding strategy in the assessment of the brand managers of analysed companies on European market and verification if a co-branding gives the opportunities for internal and external development. The analysis of correlation between the outcomes of co-branding and two major categories of co-branding strategy （ingredient branding and symbolic co-branding） are also important. In the paper the results of empirical studies are presented. Recent primary research （2009-2011） was conducted in 50 companies which are present in minimum three countries of Europe and have realized co-branding strategy for three years. Questionnaire surveys were carried out throughout all 120 identified companies. As a result, data from 50 companies were obtained, which amounted to 41.7% of all companies polled. The analysis of findings indicates the different outcomes in case of two major categories of co-branding strategy. The results show the general evaluation of the co-branded projects as well as the possibilities of the internal and external development. The results also emphasize the significance of symbolic character of the co-branding strategy. The recommendations in this study are set forth, of course, with the caveat as to the limitations of the sample. Nonetheless, it is believed that the results of this study will alert companies to the potential outcomes of co-branding taking into account the category of cooperation. This research has resulted in practical contribution. From the substantive stand point, this research has shed light on the outcomes of co-branding. This information can be useful for managers to understand which effects can be expected. From a theoretical and practical standpoint, this research contributes to brand alliances research and has provided a better understanding of outcomes of co-branding and the correlations between the possibilities of internal and external development and chosen category of co-branding strategy. This text may contribute to further research in this area and as a kind of motivator for further discussion on this topic.展开更多
Understanding the role of anthropogenic forcings in regional hydrological changes can help communities plan their adaptation in an informed manner.Here we apply attribution research methods to investigate the effect o...Understanding the role of anthropogenic forcings in regional hydrological changes can help communities plan their adaptation in an informed manner.Here we apply attribution research methods to investigate the effect of human influence on historical trends in wet and dry summers and changes in the likelihood of extreme events in Europe.We employ an ensemble of new climate models and compare experiments with and without the effect of human influence to assess the anthropogenic contribution.Future changes are also analysed with projections to year 2100.We employ two drought indices defined relative to the pre-industrial climate:one driven by changes in rainfall only and one that also includes the effect of temperature via changes in potential evapotranspiration.Both indices suggest significant changes in European summers have already emerged above variability and are expected to intensify in the future,leading to widespread dryer conditions which are more extreme in the south.When only the effect of rainfall is considered,there is a distinct contrast between a shift towards wetter conditions in the north and dryer in the south of the continent,as well as an overall increase in variability.However,when the effect of warming is also included,it largely masks the wet trends in the north,resulting in increasingly drier summers across most of the continent.Historical index trends are already detected in the observations,while models suggest that what were extremely dry conditions in the pre-industrial climate will become normal in the south by the end of the century.展开更多
文摘The objective of this study is to investigate the outcomes of co-branding strategy in the assessment of the brand managers of analysed companies on European market and verification if a co-branding gives the opportunities for internal and external development. The analysis of correlation between the outcomes of co-branding and two major categories of co-branding strategy （ingredient branding and symbolic co-branding） are also important. In the paper the results of empirical studies are presented. Recent primary research （2009-2011） was conducted in 50 companies which are present in minimum three countries of Europe and have realized co-branding strategy for three years. Questionnaire surveys were carried out throughout all 120 identified companies. As a result, data from 50 companies were obtained, which amounted to 41.7% of all companies polled. The analysis of findings indicates the different outcomes in case of two major categories of co-branding strategy. The results show the general evaluation of the co-branded projects as well as the possibilities of the internal and external development. The results also emphasize the significance of symbolic character of the co-branding strategy. The recommendations in this study are set forth, of course, with the caveat as to the limitations of the sample. Nonetheless, it is believed that the results of this study will alert companies to the potential outcomes of co-branding taking into account the category of cooperation. This research has resulted in practical contribution. From the substantive stand point, this research has shed light on the outcomes of co-branding. This information can be useful for managers to understand which effects can be expected. From a theoretical and practical standpoint, this research contributes to brand alliances research and has provided a better understanding of outcomes of co-branding and the correlations between the possibilities of internal and external development and chosen category of co-branding strategy. This text may contribute to further research in this area and as a kind of motivator for further discussion on this topic.
基金supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by the Department for Business,Energy&Industrial Strategy(BEIS)the Department for Environment,Food&Rural Affairs(Defra)supported by the European Prototype demonstrator for the Harmonisation and Evaluation of Methodologies for attribution of extreme weather Events(EUPHEME)project,which is part of the European Research Area for Climate Services(ERA4CS),a European Research Area Network(ERA-NET)initiated by the Joint Programming Initiative‘‘Connecting Climate Knowledge for Europe”(JPI Climate)and co-funded by the European Union(690462)。
文摘Understanding the role of anthropogenic forcings in regional hydrological changes can help communities plan their adaptation in an informed manner.Here we apply attribution research methods to investigate the effect of human influence on historical trends in wet and dry summers and changes in the likelihood of extreme events in Europe.We employ an ensemble of new climate models and compare experiments with and without the effect of human influence to assess the anthropogenic contribution.Future changes are also analysed with projections to year 2100.We employ two drought indices defined relative to the pre-industrial climate:one driven by changes in rainfall only and one that also includes the effect of temperature via changes in potential evapotranspiration.Both indices suggest significant changes in European summers have already emerged above variability and are expected to intensify in the future,leading to widespread dryer conditions which are more extreme in the south.When only the effect of rainfall is considered,there is a distinct contrast between a shift towards wetter conditions in the north and dryer in the south of the continent,as well as an overall increase in variability.However,when the effect of warming is also included,it largely masks the wet trends in the north,resulting in increasingly drier summers across most of the continent.Historical index trends are already detected in the observations,while models suggest that what were extremely dry conditions in the pre-industrial climate will become normal in the south by the end of the century.
