On the basis of the reaction rules and its influencing factors of sulfur compounds in MIP naphtha, a correlation model for describing the correlation between mass fraction of sulfur in MIP naphtha, mass fraction of su...On the basis of the reaction rules and its influencing factors of sulfur compounds in MIP naphtha, a correlation model for describing the correlation between mass fraction of sulfur in MIP naphtha, mass fraction of sulfur in feedstock and volume fraction of olefin in naphtha was developed and the model＇s parameters were estimated. The residual error distribution and statistical study showed that the developed model was reasonable and reliable and able to predict the mass fraction of sulfur compounds in naphtha. The correlation model can provide theoretical guidance and operation base for adjusting process parameters to produce EURO IV gasoline by the MIP units. The model was validated by its application on the MIP unit of Qingdao Refining ＆ Chemical Company. On this unit, the tail oil with low sulfur content obtained via hydrotreating gas oil was used as the feedstock and the olefin content of naphtha was reduced by promoting hydrogen transfer reaction through adjustment of process parameters. Thus, EURO IV clean gasoline was manufactured by this MIP unit.展开更多
Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while Chin...Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations.展开更多
Since the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the European Union （EU） has prominently become the leader in global climate politics. However, since fighting climate change is an issue of provi...Since the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the European Union （EU） has prominently become the leader in global climate politics. However, since fighting climate change is an issue of providing global public goods and each country has incentive to free ride, why has the EU chosen to lead the fight against climate change？ This paper reviews three major explanations in existing literature, which includes special moral and risk preferences, political strategy and comparison of mitigation benefits and costs. Borrowed from Thucydides＇ honor, fear, and interest argument, this paper provides a comprehensive explanation for the incentives affecting a country＇s behavior. Furthermore, due to the characteristics of climate change, a country ＇S climate strategy should be understood through analyzing its position in worm economy. Therefore, the EU＇s enthusiasm in global climate politics can be explained by its dependence on foreign fossil fuels, pressure from other member countries during the EU＇s integration process and its competitive advantage on non-fossil fuel energy. For these reasons, this paper argues that trade position is a key factor in understanding Europe＇s climate strategy.展开更多
Land property in the post socialist countries was rebuilt in the beginning of the 1990s. The process went in different way in all of the post-socialist countries. The result of the privatization of agricultural land w...Land property in the post socialist countries was rebuilt in the beginning of the 1990s. The process went in different way in all of the post-socialist countries. The result of the privatization of agricultural land was a fragmented, direct or indirect smallholder ownership structure in most of the new member states of the EU. The land, partly or totally was given back to the owners and inheritors of land reforms following the war. It means that considerable proportion of the land is cultivated by tenants, the fragmented estate structure decreases the efficiency and the increasing rental fees further destroy the profitability and competitiveness of farming. Regarding to the competitiveness of agriculture, Poland showed a developing tendency after the accession, but Hungary suffers from serious problems. Applying descriptive statistics between the changes of land use and land ownership during the research relation analysis, emphasizing the effect in competitiveness of the land price and a land rent, the paper tries to identify the main differences and similarities in land use and property structure, and their effects on the agricultural competitiveness based on the FADN data base, since 2004-2007.展开更多
One of the main contemporary problems requiring urgent attention since its present and future repercussions on particular countries is the decrease of population and related problems of population ageing. The populati...One of the main contemporary problems requiring urgent attention since its present and future repercussions on particular countries is the decrease of population and related problems of population ageing. The population ageing is not a worldwide problem yet, it concerns mostly world developed countries. On the other hand, it is a known fact that the population ageing in developing countries will culminate in few decades and will be more dramatic as the current population ageing in the developed world. In the developed countries, the population ageing is cause by the prolonged human life and the decrease of natality. This trend is resulting from many factors that are related to the modernization of the society which caused the decrease in fertility and natality. The health care improvement resulted in the prolonged life expectancy and a better health condition of the population. The science advance prolonged the average life expectancy which is the main reason for the population ageing.展开更多
This paper is to analyze the changing formation of international security and economic system in the context of geopolitical expansion under the scenario of the Ukraine crisis. The author attempts to destruct the diff...This paper is to analyze the changing formation of international security and economic system in the context of geopolitical expansion under the scenario of the Ukraine crisis. The author attempts to destruct the different interactions among Russia, EU, US, and China, founding that through the West economic sanctions the US are obstructing Russia＇s Eurasian policy and EU-Russian trade structures in many areas, especially in the energy sector. The US rebalancing policy might finish under the scenario of improved Russia-China relations because the US might improve their relations with China as well to implement their containment against Russia, whose geopolitical expansion toward Arctic Ocean, and with its developing the Russian Siberia, the Russian Far East Region as part of its global strategic deployment. Russia＇s global deployment is carried out through the integrated mechanism, such as, SCO, BRICS, and Eurasian Economic Union which will start to function in the January of 2015. China seems to be the biggest winner in this geopolitical struggle, because the new scenario of international events, such as Ukraine crisis and extremism of IS movement in Syria and Iraq have changed the target of NATO in the short-term period. The direction of intemational security is changing from the Cold War to anti-extremism-terrorism combat. Therefore, the new direction for Russia-US-EU-China reformulating their security relations will have the long-term influence on regional integration. Its seems to be that the information war and propaganda will be undergoing in the process of this geopolitical expansion gambling that can be seen in the new waves of the West economic sanctions against Russia and new threats from the international terrorism. In this paper, the author does not focus on the informational propaganda but tries to analyze the different characteristics of ambition and interactionamong Russia, EU, US, and China in the scenario of Ukraine crisis in the changing world.展开更多
As a key objective of Rethinking Education, multi-linguistic skill is becoming increasingly important for the future European workers as well as the common folks. Being able to communicate in at least one foreign lang...As a key objective of Rethinking Education, multi-linguistic skill is becoming increasingly important for the future European workers as well as the common folks. Being able to communicate in at least one foreign language is considered to be critical for the future talents against EU＇s vast linguistic diversity and increasing integration. It is widely acknowledged that language competence facilitates mobility, employability, active assimilation, as well as personal development of the individuals, especially the young people, therefore, it is given top priority in the Europe 2020 strategy for growth and employment. This paper is intended to explore the strength of the rethinking program from a linguistic perspective and offer some inspirations to domestic foreign language education reform展开更多
This paper argues that China and the EU are destined to be partners in fighting for a second period of commitments for global climate change governance and shaping the post-Kyoto regime to meet the anticipated challen...This paper argues that China and the EU are destined to be partners in fighting for a second period of commitments for global climate change governance and shaping the post-Kyoto regime to meet the anticipated challenges of the 21st century. The basic idea backing this argumentation is the assessment that, in comparison with other nations （the United States, Russia, India, Japan and Canada）, Europe and China would have most to lose if the upgrading of the Kyoto Protocol fails; and conversely, they would have most to win if the regime survives in a modernized form and with a more comprehensive application of international binding commitments. This is to say, the EU and China have no choice but to work together if they want to achieve their respective political objectives relating to the issue of global climate change in a less costly and more effective way.展开更多
As lanthanide-doped sodium yttrium flouride(NaYF_4)nanoparticles have great potential inbiomedical applications,their biosafety is important and has attracted significant attention.In the present work,three different ...As lanthanide-doped sodium yttrium flouride(NaYF_4)nanoparticles have great potential inbiomedical applications,their biosafety is important and has attracted significant attention.In the present work,three different sized NaYF_4:Eu^(3+)nanoparticles have been prepared.Liver BRL 3 A cell was used as a cell model to evaluate their biological effects.Cell viability and apoptosis assays were used to confirm the cytotoxicity induced by NaYF_4:Eu^(3+)NPs.Apart from the elevated malondialdehyde(MDA),the decrease of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)and catalase(CAT)activity indicated reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,which were associated with oxidative damage.The decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)value demonstrated the occurrence of mitochondria damage.Then,release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase-3 confirmed that NaYF_4:Eu^(3+)NPs induced apoptosis was mitochondria damage-dependent.展开更多
文摘On the basis of the reaction rules and its influencing factors of sulfur compounds in MIP naphtha, a correlation model for describing the correlation between mass fraction of sulfur in MIP naphtha, mass fraction of sulfur in feedstock and volume fraction of olefin in naphtha was developed and the model＇s parameters were estimated. The residual error distribution and statistical study showed that the developed model was reasonable and reliable and able to predict the mass fraction of sulfur compounds in naphtha. The correlation model can provide theoretical guidance and operation base for adjusting process parameters to produce EURO IV gasoline by the MIP units. The model was validated by its application on the MIP unit of Qingdao Refining ＆ Chemical Company. On this unit, the tail oil with low sulfur content obtained via hydrotreating gas oil was used as the feedstock and the olefin content of naphtha was reduced by promoting hydrogen transfer reaction through adjustment of process parameters. Thus, EURO IV clean gasoline was manufactured by this MIP unit.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB428401)the Special Fund for Climate Change of the CMA(CCSF-09-16)
文摘Both the European Union （EU） and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations.
文摘Since the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the European Union （EU） has prominently become the leader in global climate politics. However, since fighting climate change is an issue of providing global public goods and each country has incentive to free ride, why has the EU chosen to lead the fight against climate change？ This paper reviews three major explanations in existing literature, which includes special moral and risk preferences, political strategy and comparison of mitigation benefits and costs. Borrowed from Thucydides＇ honor, fear, and interest argument, this paper provides a comprehensive explanation for the incentives affecting a country＇s behavior. Furthermore, due to the characteristics of climate change, a country ＇S climate strategy should be understood through analyzing its position in worm economy. Therefore, the EU＇s enthusiasm in global climate politics can be explained by its dependence on foreign fossil fuels, pressure from other member countries during the EU＇s integration process and its competitive advantage on non-fossil fuel energy. For these reasons, this paper argues that trade position is a key factor in understanding Europe＇s climate strategy.
文摘Land property in the post socialist countries was rebuilt in the beginning of the 1990s. The process went in different way in all of the post-socialist countries. The result of the privatization of agricultural land was a fragmented, direct or indirect smallholder ownership structure in most of the new member states of the EU. The land, partly or totally was given back to the owners and inheritors of land reforms following the war. It means that considerable proportion of the land is cultivated by tenants, the fragmented estate structure decreases the efficiency and the increasing rental fees further destroy the profitability and competitiveness of farming. Regarding to the competitiveness of agriculture, Poland showed a developing tendency after the accession, but Hungary suffers from serious problems. Applying descriptive statistics between the changes of land use and land ownership during the research relation analysis, emphasizing the effect in competitiveness of the land price and a land rent, the paper tries to identify the main differences and similarities in land use and property structure, and their effects on the agricultural competitiveness based on the FADN data base, since 2004-2007.
文摘One of the main contemporary problems requiring urgent attention since its present and future repercussions on particular countries is the decrease of population and related problems of population ageing. The population ageing is not a worldwide problem yet, it concerns mostly world developed countries. On the other hand, it is a known fact that the population ageing in developing countries will culminate in few decades and will be more dramatic as the current population ageing in the developed world. In the developed countries, the population ageing is cause by the prolonged human life and the decrease of natality. This trend is resulting from many factors that are related to the modernization of the society which caused the decrease in fertility and natality. The health care improvement resulted in the prolonged life expectancy and a better health condition of the population. The science advance prolonged the average life expectancy which is the main reason for the population ageing.
文摘This paper is to analyze the changing formation of international security and economic system in the context of geopolitical expansion under the scenario of the Ukraine crisis. The author attempts to destruct the different interactions among Russia, EU, US, and China, founding that through the West economic sanctions the US are obstructing Russia＇s Eurasian policy and EU-Russian trade structures in many areas, especially in the energy sector. The US rebalancing policy might finish under the scenario of improved Russia-China relations because the US might improve their relations with China as well to implement their containment against Russia, whose geopolitical expansion toward Arctic Ocean, and with its developing the Russian Siberia, the Russian Far East Region as part of its global strategic deployment. Russia＇s global deployment is carried out through the integrated mechanism, such as, SCO, BRICS, and Eurasian Economic Union which will start to function in the January of 2015. China seems to be the biggest winner in this geopolitical struggle, because the new scenario of international events, such as Ukraine crisis and extremism of IS movement in Syria and Iraq have changed the target of NATO in the short-term period. The direction of intemational security is changing from the Cold War to anti-extremism-terrorism combat. Therefore, the new direction for Russia-US-EU-China reformulating their security relations will have the long-term influence on regional integration. Its seems to be that the information war and propaganda will be undergoing in the process of this geopolitical expansion gambling that can be seen in the new waves of the West economic sanctions against Russia and new threats from the international terrorism. In this paper, the author does not focus on the informational propaganda but tries to analyze the different characteristics of ambition and interactionamong Russia, EU, US, and China in the scenario of Ukraine crisis in the changing world.
文摘As a key objective of Rethinking Education, multi-linguistic skill is becoming increasingly important for the future European workers as well as the common folks. Being able to communicate in at least one foreign language is considered to be critical for the future talents against EU＇s vast linguistic diversity and increasing integration. It is widely acknowledged that language competence facilitates mobility, employability, active assimilation, as well as personal development of the individuals, especially the young people, therefore, it is given top priority in the Europe 2020 strategy for growth and employment. This paper is intended to explore the strength of the rethinking program from a linguistic perspective and offer some inspirations to domestic foreign language education reform
文摘This paper argues that China and the EU are destined to be partners in fighting for a second period of commitments for global climate change governance and shaping the post-Kyoto regime to meet the anticipated challenges of the 21st century. The basic idea backing this argumentation is the assessment that, in comparison with other nations （the United States, Russia, India, Japan and Canada）, Europe and China would have most to lose if the upgrading of the Kyoto Protocol fails; and conversely, they would have most to win if the regime survives in a modernized form and with a more comprehensive application of international binding commitments. This is to say, the EU and China have no choice but to work together if they want to achieve their respective political objectives relating to the issue of global climate change in a less costly and more effective way.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(21271059,31470961,21603051,21601046, 31500812)Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province(QN2015230,QN2015132)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2015201097,B2016201169)the Science and Technology Support Program of Baoding(15ZF055)
文摘As lanthanide-doped sodium yttrium flouride(NaYF_4)nanoparticles have great potential inbiomedical applications,their biosafety is important and has attracted significant attention.In the present work,three different sized NaYF_4:Eu^(3+)nanoparticles have been prepared.Liver BRL 3 A cell was used as a cell model to evaluate their biological effects.Cell viability and apoptosis assays were used to confirm the cytotoxicity induced by NaYF_4:Eu^(3+)NPs.Apart from the elevated malondialdehyde(MDA),the decrease of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)and catalase(CAT)activity indicated reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,which were associated with oxidative damage.The decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)value demonstrated the occurrence of mitochondria damage.Then,release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase-3 confirmed that NaYF_4:Eu^(3+)NPs induced apoptosis was mitochondria damage-dependent.
