Aiming at the traditional passive deception models,this paper constructs a Decoy Platform based on Intelligent Agent(DPIA) to realize dynamic defense.The paper explores a new dynamic defense model based on active dece...Aiming at the traditional passive deception models,this paper constructs a Decoy Platform based on Intelligent Agent(DPIA) to realize dynamic defense.The paper explores a new dynamic defense model based on active deception,introduces its architecture,and expatiates on communication methods and security guarantee in information transference.Simulation results show that the DPIA can attract hacker agility and activity,lead abnormal traffic into it,distribute a large number of attack data,and ensure real network security.展开更多
Cases of imperfect or non-model mimicry are common in plants and animals and challenge intuitive assumptions about the nature of directional selection on mimics. Many non-rewarding flower species do not mimic a partic...Cases of imperfect or non-model mimicry are common in plants and animals and challenge intuitive assumptions about the nature of directional selection on mimics. Many non-rewarding flower species do not mimic a particular species, but at- tract pollinators through ＇generalised food deception＇. Some predatory animals also attract pollinators by resembling flowers, perhaps the most well known, yet least well understood, is the orchid mantis Hymenopus coronatus. This praying mantis has been hypothesised to mimic a flower corolla and we have previously shown that it attracts and captures pollinating insects as prey. Predatory pollinator deception is relatively unstudied and whether this occurs through model mimicry or generalised food decep- tion in the orchid mantis is unknown. To test whether the orchid mantis mimics a specific model flower species we investigated similarities between its morphology and that of flowers in its natural habitat in peninsular Malaysia. Geometric morphometrics were used to compare the shape of mantis femoral lobes to flower petals. Physiological vision models were used to compare the colour of mantises and flowers from the perspective of bees, flies and birds. We did not find strong evidence for a specific model flower species for the orchid mantis. The mantis＇ colour and shape varied within the range of that exhibited by many flower pet- als rather than resembling one type in particular. We suggest that the orchid mantis resembles an average, or generalised flower-like stimulus. Thus predatory pollinator deception in the orchid mantis is likely to function as a form of generalised food deception, as opposed to model mimicry .展开更多
Apparent biases in decision making by animals, including humans, seem to present an evolutionary puzzle, since one would expect decisions based on biased （unrealistic） information to be suboptimal. Although cognitiv...Apparent biases in decision making by animals, including humans, seem to present an evolutionary puzzle, since one would expect decisions based on biased （unrealistic） information to be suboptimal. Although cognitive biases are hard to diag- nose in real animals （Marshall et al., 2013b）, we investigate Trivers＇ proposal that individuals should self-deceive first in order to better deceive others （Trivers, 2011）. Although this proposal has been scrutinized extensively （Bandura et al., 2011） it has not been formally modelled. We present the first model designed to investigate Trivers＇ proposal. We introduce an extension to a re- cent model of the evolution of self-deception （Johnson and Fowler, 2011）. In the extended model individuals make decisions by taking directly into account the benefits and costs of each outcome and by choosing the course of action that can be estimated as the best with the information available. It is shown that in certain circumstances self-deceiving decision-makers are the most evolutionarily successful, even when there is no deception between these. In a further extension of this model individuals addi- tionally exhibit deception biases and Trivers＇ premise （that effective deception is less physiologically costly with the aid of self-deception） is incorporated. It is shown that under Trivers＇ hypothesis natural selection favors individuals that self-deceive as they deceive others .展开更多
Aims In multiflowered species,the architecture of inflorescences is of primary importance in shaping plant attractiveness.The aim of this study was to disentangle the role of inflorescence traits in plant female repro...Aims In multiflowered species,the architecture of inflorescences is of primary importance in shaping plant attractiveness.The aim of this study was to disentangle the role of inflorescence traits in plant female reproductive success and pollination patterns along the inflorescence in the lax-flowered orchid Anacamptis laxiflora,a terrestrial species exploiting a deceptive pollination strategy.We also evaluated whether the relationship between inflorescence traits and female reproductive success was modified by the height of surrounding vegetation and/or by population density.Methods We delimited experimental plots in a natural population of A.laxiflora.We tallied the individuals within each plot and categorized low-density plots and high-density plots;then,in part of the plots we manually removed surrounding grass thus producing an equal number of plots with high grass and low grass.Within these plots,we recorded inflorescence traits and female reproductive success(i.e.the number of fruit and their position along the inflorescence).We analyzed these data using generalized linear mixed-effects models(GLMMs)and calculated selection gradients.Important Findings We found that all the investigated inflorescence traits influenced female reproductive success.In particular,our GLMMs showed that'average flower distance'was the best predictor for shaping reproductive success patterns.We detected significant positive selection on the investigated inflorescence traits,but these selective trends were strictly linked to both the height of the surrounding vegetation and the population density,suggesting a significant influence of local environmental context in shaping selective patterns.Female reproductive success was not linked to the position of flowers along the inflorescence,suggesting that pollinators visit flowers randomly along the inflorescence without a detectable preference for a specific part.This study highlights the importance of inflorescence traits in shaping female reproductive success of multiflowered deceptive orchids,and confirms a primary role for the environmental context in modifying pollinator-mediated selection patterns.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60572131)Innovation Fund of Technol-ogy Based Firms (No.08C26213200495)+2 种基金Key tech-nologies R&D Program of Jiang su Province (No.BE 2007058)College Natural Science Foundation of Ji-angsu Province (No.08KJB520005)the Scientific Research Foundation of NUPT (No.NY206050)
文摘Aiming at the traditional passive deception models,this paper constructs a Decoy Platform based on Intelligent Agent(DPIA) to realize dynamic defense.The paper explores a new dynamic defense model based on active deception,introduces its architecture,and expatiates on communication methods and security guarantee in information transference.Simulation results show that the DPIA can attract hacker agility and activity,lead abnormal traffic into it,distribute a large number of attack data,and ensure real network security.
文摘Cases of imperfect or non-model mimicry are common in plants and animals and challenge intuitive assumptions about the nature of directional selection on mimics. Many non-rewarding flower species do not mimic a particular species, but at- tract pollinators through ＇generalised food deception＇. Some predatory animals also attract pollinators by resembling flowers, perhaps the most well known, yet least well understood, is the orchid mantis Hymenopus coronatus. This praying mantis has been hypothesised to mimic a flower corolla and we have previously shown that it attracts and captures pollinating insects as prey. Predatory pollinator deception is relatively unstudied and whether this occurs through model mimicry or generalised food decep- tion in the orchid mantis is unknown. To test whether the orchid mantis mimics a specific model flower species we investigated similarities between its morphology and that of flowers in its natural habitat in peninsular Malaysia. Geometric morphometrics were used to compare the shape of mantis femoral lobes to flower petals. Physiological vision models were used to compare the colour of mantises and flowers from the perspective of bees, flies and birds. We did not find strong evidence for a specific model flower species for the orchid mantis. The mantis＇ colour and shape varied within the range of that exhibited by many flower pet- als rather than resembling one type in particular. We suggest that the orchid mantis resembles an average, or generalised flower-like stimulus. Thus predatory pollinator deception in the orchid mantis is likely to function as a form of generalised food deception, as opposed to model mimicry .
文摘Apparent biases in decision making by animals, including humans, seem to present an evolutionary puzzle, since one would expect decisions based on biased （unrealistic） information to be suboptimal. Although cognitive biases are hard to diag- nose in real animals （Marshall et al., 2013b）, we investigate Trivers＇ proposal that individuals should self-deceive first in order to better deceive others （Trivers, 2011）. Although this proposal has been scrutinized extensively （Bandura et al., 2011） it has not been formally modelled. We present the first model designed to investigate Trivers＇ proposal. We introduce an extension to a re- cent model of the evolution of self-deception （Johnson and Fowler, 2011）. In the extended model individuals make decisions by taking directly into account the benefits and costs of each outcome and by choosing the course of action that can be estimated as the best with the information available. It is shown that in certain circumstances self-deceiving decision-makers are the most evolutionarily successful, even when there is no deception between these. In a further extension of this model individuals addi- tionally exhibit deception biases and Trivers＇ premise （that effective deception is less physiologically costly with the aid of self-deception） is incorporated. It is shown that under Trivers＇ hypothesis natural selection favors individuals that self-deceive as they deceive others .
文摘Aims In multiflowered species,the architecture of inflorescences is of primary importance in shaping plant attractiveness.The aim of this study was to disentangle the role of inflorescence traits in plant female reproductive success and pollination patterns along the inflorescence in the lax-flowered orchid Anacamptis laxiflora,a terrestrial species exploiting a deceptive pollination strategy.We also evaluated whether the relationship between inflorescence traits and female reproductive success was modified by the height of surrounding vegetation and/or by population density.Methods We delimited experimental plots in a natural population of A.laxiflora.We tallied the individuals within each plot and categorized low-density plots and high-density plots;then,in part of the plots we manually removed surrounding grass thus producing an equal number of plots with high grass and low grass.Within these plots,we recorded inflorescence traits and female reproductive success(i.e.the number of fruit and their position along the inflorescence).We analyzed these data using generalized linear mixed-effects models(GLMMs)and calculated selection gradients.Important Findings We found that all the investigated inflorescence traits influenced female reproductive success.In particular,our GLMMs showed that'average flower distance'was the best predictor for shaping reproductive success patterns.We detected significant positive selection on the investigated inflorescence traits,but these selective trends were strictly linked to both the height of the surrounding vegetation and the population density,suggesting a significant influence of local environmental context in shaping selective patterns.Female reproductive success was not linked to the position of flowers along the inflorescence,suggesting that pollinators visit flowers randomly along the inflorescence without a detectable preference for a specific part.This study highlights the importance of inflorescence traits in shaping female reproductive success of multiflowered deceptive orchids,and confirms a primary role for the environmental context in modifying pollinator-mediated selection patterns.
