Facing challenges of population decline and fiscal austerity,Japan has implemented a series of initiatives to promote public-private partnerships(PPP)to ensure the sustainability of urban parks and revitalize urban sp...Facing challenges of population decline and fiscal austerity,Japan has implemented a series of initiatives to promote public-private partnerships(PPP)to ensure the sustainability of urban parks and revitalize urban spaces.These initiatives,while alleviating the government’s financial burdens on parks,have also raised concerns about the potential erosion of publicness and public interests resulted from the commercialization of public assets.This paper reviews the evolution of Japan’s urban park management system after World War II—including three phases of being purely public goods,initiating marketization,and diversifying management entities.The functions of parks have continuously enriched,and the construction,management,and operational modes have shifted from government-led towards multi-stakeholder participation,along with expanded funding sources.By examining the PPP types,driving forces,implementation mechanisms and challenges in urban park management,this paper points out that,in different eras and social contexts,the Japanese government has kept adjusting its role to maximize public interests.This has proactively updated the implications of publicness in infrastructure like urban parks,from a post-war opposite of publicness versus privateness on ownership,to the participation of private capital for a higher efficiency,and finally to a community for a stronger regional competitiveness.The reforms of urban park management system in Japan offer significant lessons and insights for urban infrastructure management in other countries and regions.展开更多
Philosophical contemplation in all ages has necessarily based itself on shared philosophical thought involving ＂commonality.＂ Dialogue between Chinese, Western and Marxist philosophies stresses a deep concern about ...Philosophical contemplation in all ages has necessarily based itself on shared philosophical thought involving ＂commonality.＂ Dialogue between Chinese, Western and Marxist philosophies stresses a deep concern about reaching a universal consensus on the ＂common culture and values＂ of modern human beings, and aims to provide new ideas for our contemporary existence and development. These may be summarized as a ＂common existence＂ centering on the values of ecological commonality and ecological justice; ＂common action＂ and ＂common enjoyment＂ based on the commonality of justice and the promotion of dialogue; and ＂co-presence＂ based on rational inter-subject communication.展开更多
文摘Facing challenges of population decline and fiscal austerity,Japan has implemented a series of initiatives to promote public-private partnerships(PPP)to ensure the sustainability of urban parks and revitalize urban spaces.These initiatives,while alleviating the government’s financial burdens on parks,have also raised concerns about the potential erosion of publicness and public interests resulted from the commercialization of public assets.This paper reviews the evolution of Japan’s urban park management system after World War II—including three phases of being purely public goods,initiating marketization,and diversifying management entities.The functions of parks have continuously enriched,and the construction,management,and operational modes have shifted from government-led towards multi-stakeholder participation,along with expanded funding sources.By examining the PPP types,driving forces,implementation mechanisms and challenges in urban park management,this paper points out that,in different eras and social contexts,the Japanese government has kept adjusting its role to maximize public interests.This has proactively updated the implications of publicness in infrastructure like urban parks,from a post-war opposite of publicness versus privateness on ownership,to the participation of private capital for a higher efficiency,and finally to a community for a stronger regional competitiveness.The reforms of urban park management system in Japan offer significant lessons and insights for urban infrastructure management in other countries and regions.
文摘Philosophical contemplation in all ages has necessarily based itself on shared philosophical thought involving ＂commonality.＂ Dialogue between Chinese, Western and Marxist philosophies stresses a deep concern about reaching a universal consensus on the ＂common culture and values＂ of modern human beings, and aims to provide new ideas for our contemporary existence and development. These may be summarized as a ＂common existence＂ centering on the values of ecological commonality and ecological justice; ＂common action＂ and ＂common enjoyment＂ based on the commonality of justice and the promotion of dialogue; and ＂co-presence＂ based on rational inter-subject communication.
