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美国学习不良概念的发展、问题及对策 被引量:1
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作者 刘迎杰 张小将 《外国教育研究》 CSSCI 北大核心 2011年第11期52-56,共5页
学习不良概念自提出后一直存在争议。学习不良的正式定义和操作定义都存在一些问题。正式定义处于规定定义的发展水平,缺乏科学定义的两个关键元素——理解性和解释性。操作定义缺乏与正式定义的逻辑联系,变异性太大,在实际使用中也存... 学习不良概念自提出后一直存在争议。学习不良的正式定义和操作定义都存在一些问题。正式定义处于规定定义的发展水平,缺乏科学定义的两个关键元素——理解性和解释性。操作定义缺乏与正式定义的逻辑联系,变异性太大,在实际使用中也存在一些问题。针对学习不良的定义问题,研究者提出了不同的解决方法。 展开更多
关键词 学习不良 正式定义 操作定义 鉴定
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Formal Definition of a User-Adaptive and Length-Optimal Routing Graph for Complex Indoor Environments 被引量:8
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作者 GOETZ Marcus ZIPF Alexander 《Geo-Spatial Information Science》 2011年第2期119-128,共10页
Car routing solutions are omnipresent and solutions for pedestrians also exist.Furthermore,public or commercial buildings are getting bigger and the complexity of their internal structure has increased.Consequently,th... Car routing solutions are omnipresent and solutions for pedestrians also exist.Furthermore,public or commercial buildings are getting bigger and the complexity of their internal structure has increased.Consequently,the need for indoor routing solutions has emerged.Some prototypes are available,but they still lack semantically-enriched modelling (e.g.,access constraints,labels,etc.) and are not suitable for providing user-adaptive length-optimal routing in complex buildings.Previous approaches consider simple rooms,concave rooms,and corridors,but important characteristics such as distinct areas in huge rooms and solid obstacles inside rooms are not considered at all,although such details can increase navigation accuracy.By formally defining a weighted indoor routing graph,it is possible to create a detailed and user-adaptive model for route computation.The defined graph also contains semantic information such as room labels,door accessibility constraints,etc.Furthermore,one-way paths inside buildings are considered,as well as three-dimensional building parts,e.g.,elevators or stairways.A hierarchical structure is also possible with the presented graph model. 展开更多
关键词 3D indoor navigation 3D indoor routing city modelling formal definition routing graph BUILDINGS
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