In this study, six fish species of five families are reported for the first time from Yunnan Province, China. The nemacheilid Schistura arnplizona Kottelat, 2000 is reported from the Luosuojiang River and Nanlahe Rive...In this study, six fish species of five families are reported for the first time from Yunnan Province, China. The nemacheilid Schistura arnplizona Kottelat, 2000 is reported from the Luosuojiang River and Nanlahe River subbasins, Mekong basin; the prochilodontid Prochilodus lineatus （Valenciennes, 1837）, the balitorid Vanmanenia serrilineata Kottelat, 2000, and the tetraodontid Monotrete turgidus Kottelat, 2000, from Nanlahe River subbasin, Mekong basin; the balitorid Beaz^fortia daon （Mai, 1978）, and the belonid Xenentodon canciloides （Bleeker, 1854）, both, from Black River subbasin, Red River basin. The freshwater puffer M. turgidus and the needlefish ,E canciloides have been previously misidentified as Tettraodon leiurus （Bleeker, 1950） and Tylosurus strongylurus （van Hasselt, 1823）, respectively.展开更多
For the Z-R relationship in radar-based rainfall estimation, the distribution of corresponding R values for a given Z value (or the corresponding Z value for a given R value) may be highly skewed. However, the traditi...For the Z-R relationship in radar-based rainfall estimation, the distribution of corresponding R values for a given Z value (or the corresponding Z value for a given R value) may be highly skewed. However, the traditional power-law model is physically deduced and fitted under the normal-distribution presumption of radar wave echoes associated with a rain rate value, and it may not be very appropriate. Considering this problem, the authors devised several generalized linear models with different forms and distribution presumptions to represent the Z-R relationship. Radar-reflectivity scans observed by a CINRAD/SC Doppler radar and 5-minute rainfall accumulation recorded by 10 ground gauges were used to fit these models. All data used in this study were collected during some large rainfalls of the period from 2005 to 2007. The radar and all gauges were installed in the catchment of the Yishu River, a branch of the Huaihe River in China. Three models based on normal distribution and a dBZ presumption of gamma distribution were fitted using maximum-likelihood techniques, which were resolved by genetic algorithms. Comparisons of estimated maximized likelihoods based on assumptions of gamma and normal distribution showed that all generalized linear models (GLMs) of presumed gamma distribution were better fitted than GLMs based on normal distribution. In a comparison of maximum-likelihood, the differences between these three models were small. Three error statistics were used to assess the agreement between radar estimated rainfall and gauge rainfall: relative bias (B), root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (r). The results showed that no one model was excellent in all criteria. On the whole, the GLM-based models gave smaller relative bias than the traditional power-law model. It is suggested that validations conducted in many previous works should have been made against a specific criterion but overlooked others.展开更多
The cost advantage of Arctic NEP （Northeast Passage） is mainly analyzed. The traditional southern route through the Suez Canal between the East Asia and the Europe is referred as benchmark routte, general cargo ship...The cost advantage of Arctic NEP （Northeast Passage） is mainly analyzed. The traditional southern route through the Suez Canal between the East Asia and the Europe is referred as benchmark routte, general cargo ship and container ship are respectively selected as benchmark ships, which are analyzed and compared with Arctic NEP from fuel consumption, insurance, icebreaker fees and cost for SOLAS amendment, etc. The study reveals that Arctic NEP highly reduces general cargo ships＇ sailing time, container ships＇ fuel consumption, and contributes to shipping＇s sustainable development.展开更多
基金I am thankful to Jun-Xing YANG, Xiao-Yong CHEN, Lan-Ping ZHENG and Li- Na DU of the Kunming Institute for Zoology （KIZ） and their team around for giving me access to literature and nearly unrestricted access to the collection room of KIZ. I also thankful to Ting-Yi ZHAO of KIZ, for locating, measuring, and photographing mlmerous lots in the KIZ collection room, to my travel companion Jing Wang for her help and support, to Mike Bisset for his valuable comments on the manuscript and help with the Bleeker （1850） paper, and to Maurice Kottelat, Richard Green, Nguyen Dinh Tao, and Bui The Anh for literature support.
文摘In this study, six fish species of five families are reported for the first time from Yunnan Province, China. The nemacheilid Schistura arnplizona Kottelat, 2000 is reported from the Luosuojiang River and Nanlahe River subbasins, Mekong basin; the prochilodontid Prochilodus lineatus （Valenciennes, 1837）, the balitorid Vanmanenia serrilineata Kottelat, 2000, and the tetraodontid Monotrete turgidus Kottelat, 2000, from Nanlahe River subbasin, Mekong basin; the balitorid Beaz^fortia daon （Mai, 1978）, and the belonid Xenentodon canciloides （Bleeker, 1854）, both, from Black River subbasin, Red River basin. The freshwater puffer M. turgidus and the needlefish ,E canciloides have been previously misidentified as Tettraodon leiurus （Bleeker, 1950） and Tylosurus strongylurus （van Hasselt, 1823）, respectively.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40971024)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB400502)the Special Meteorology Project (GYHY(QX)2007-6-1)
文摘For the Z-R relationship in radar-based rainfall estimation, the distribution of corresponding R values for a given Z value (or the corresponding Z value for a given R value) may be highly skewed. However, the traditional power-law model is physically deduced and fitted under the normal-distribution presumption of radar wave echoes associated with a rain rate value, and it may not be very appropriate. Considering this problem, the authors devised several generalized linear models with different forms and distribution presumptions to represent the Z-R relationship. Radar-reflectivity scans observed by a CINRAD/SC Doppler radar and 5-minute rainfall accumulation recorded by 10 ground gauges were used to fit these models. All data used in this study were collected during some large rainfalls of the period from 2005 to 2007. The radar and all gauges were installed in the catchment of the Yishu River, a branch of the Huaihe River in China. Three models based on normal distribution and a dBZ presumption of gamma distribution were fitted using maximum-likelihood techniques, which were resolved by genetic algorithms. Comparisons of estimated maximized likelihoods based on assumptions of gamma and normal distribution showed that all generalized linear models (GLMs) of presumed gamma distribution were better fitted than GLMs based on normal distribution. In a comparison of maximum-likelihood, the differences between these three models were small. Three error statistics were used to assess the agreement between radar estimated rainfall and gauge rainfall: relative bias (B), root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (r). The results showed that no one model was excellent in all criteria. On the whole, the GLM-based models gave smaller relative bias than the traditional power-law model. It is suggested that validations conducted in many previous works should have been made against a specific criterion but overlooked others.
文摘The cost advantage of Arctic NEP （Northeast Passage） is mainly analyzed. The traditional southern route through the Suez Canal between the East Asia and the Europe is referred as benchmark routte, general cargo ship and container ship are respectively selected as benchmark ships, which are analyzed and compared with Arctic NEP from fuel consumption, insurance, icebreaker fees and cost for SOLAS amendment, etc. The study reveals that Arctic NEP highly reduces general cargo ships＇ sailing time, container ships＇ fuel consumption, and contributes to shipping＇s sustainable development.
