Turkish people traditionally make good soldiers. In the Republican Turkey, the draft [conscript service system is the valid application whereby privates （rankless plain soldiers）] are recruited from among healthy an...Turkish people traditionally make good soldiers. In the Republican Turkey, the draft [conscript service system is the valid application whereby privates （rankless plain soldiers）] are recruited from among healthy and young male citizens, for a specific term specified by law. Such draftees （conscrips） constitute the backbone of the military man-power. Their numbers attain figures much bigger than the numbers of rank-carrying personnel, namely the petty-officers and officers （generals are very few in number）. It is a widely known fact that military life, all over the world, is indeed tough and this is especially true for the rank-and-file, who constitute the lowest levels or the base of the involved hierarchical pyramide. When conscripted for the service, the crushing majority of the young lads go to serve willingly （see Figure 1） and proudly and even with pleasure （see Figure 2）. Those who do not readily render themselves to the armed forces are only a small minority. The reason for that is the high prestige enjoyed by all military personnel within the society. Deeply-rooted historical and cultural interpretations come into play, to make us understand the significance and even the sacredness of the armed service. Indeed, merely a collection of songs and ballads praising military themes, justifies the high value of soldierly ways for Turkisp people.展开更多
The existing δ 13C data in the Cambrian from different regions of the world are analyzed here. There are four well-documented carbon isotope excursions with global significance. In ascending order, they are： （1） a...The existing δ 13C data in the Cambrian from different regions of the world are analyzed here. There are four well-documented carbon isotope excursions with global significance. In ascending order, they are： （1） a large negative excursion, comparable to ＂BACE＂ （BAsal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion） event, which occurs near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary with a magnitude of 4‰-10‰ （PDB）; （2） the ＂ZHUCE＂ （ZHUjiaqing Carbon isotope Excursion） event, a distinct positive excursion （over 5%0） that can be recognized at the Fortunian Stage to Stage 2 transition; （3） another strong negative one, so-called ＂ROECE＂ （Redlichiid-Olenellid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion） event, shifting at the interval between Series 2 and Series 3, peaking at -3‰--5‰ （PDB）; （4） the famous Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion （SPICE）, which has been widely identified at the base of Furongian Series, Paibian Stage, with an amplitude about 4‰ （PDB）. The four sharp σ13C shifts correlate well with coeval paleoceanographic changes and bioevents. Besides, there are some σ13C excursions from a few sections in previous studies, and more data are required to identify whether they are global or regional ones.展开更多
Objective: To assess the incidence, types and risk factors of military training related injuries in recruits of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces (CPAPF). Methods: A cohort study was made on the risk factors of in...Objective: To assess the incidence, types and risk factors of military training related injuries in recruits of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces (CPAPF). Methods: A cohort study was made on the risk factors of injuries in 805 male recruits during the military training from December 25, 1999 to December 25, 2000. Results: A total of 111 recruits (14%) experienced one or more injuries, and the cumulative incidence was 16.1 injuries per 100 soldiers in a year. And 77.7 % of the injuries belonged to overuse injuries of the skeletal and muscular systems, the most common type of which was stress fractures. Most injuries occurred in the 3rd month of training. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis of possible risk factors for overuse injuries were carried out, and a number of risk factors were identified: history of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot and less running exercise before entry into the army. But a suitable body mass index (BMI) was a protective factor. Examination of age, body height, smoking, body flexibility and frequency of 2 mile running revealed no significant association with the injuries. Conclusions: History of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot, less running exercise before entry into the army and lower BMI were risk factors of the overuse injuries. In order to decrease the incidence of overuse injuries, the young people with good physical ability and shapely body type should be selected during conscription. During the training, nutrition should be improved so as to decrease the incidence of injuries.展开更多
文摘Turkish people traditionally make good soldiers. In the Republican Turkey, the draft [conscript service system is the valid application whereby privates （rankless plain soldiers）] are recruited from among healthy and young male citizens, for a specific term specified by law. Such draftees （conscrips） constitute the backbone of the military man-power. Their numbers attain figures much bigger than the numbers of rank-carrying personnel, namely the petty-officers and officers （generals are very few in number）. It is a widely known fact that military life, all over the world, is indeed tough and this is especially true for the rank-and-file, who constitute the lowest levels or the base of the involved hierarchical pyramide. When conscripted for the service, the crushing majority of the young lads go to serve willingly （see Figure 1） and proudly and even with pleasure （see Figure 2）. Those who do not readily render themselves to the armed forces are only a small minority. The reason for that is the high prestige enjoyed by all military personnel within the society. Deeply-rooted historical and cultural interpretations come into play, to make us understand the significance and even the sacredness of the armed service. Indeed, merely a collection of songs and ballads praising military themes, justifies the high value of soldierly ways for Turkisp people.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. 2008ZX05004)Major Project of China National Petroleum Corporation (Grant No. 2008E-0702)
文摘The existing δ 13C data in the Cambrian from different regions of the world are analyzed here. There are four well-documented carbon isotope excursions with global significance. In ascending order, they are： （1） a large negative excursion, comparable to ＂BACE＂ （BAsal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion） event, which occurs near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary with a magnitude of 4‰-10‰ （PDB）; （2） the ＂ZHUCE＂ （ZHUjiaqing Carbon isotope Excursion） event, a distinct positive excursion （over 5%0） that can be recognized at the Fortunian Stage to Stage 2 transition; （3） another strong negative one, so-called ＂ROECE＂ （Redlichiid-Olenellid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion） event, shifting at the interval between Series 2 and Series 3, peaking at -3‰--5‰ （PDB）; （4） the famous Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion （SPICE）, which has been widely identified at the base of Furongian Series, Paibian Stage, with an amplitude about 4‰ （PDB）. The four sharp σ13C shifts correlate well with coeval paleoceanographic changes and bioevents. Besides, there are some σ13C excursions from a few sections in previous studies, and more data are required to identify whether they are global or regional ones.
文摘Objective: To assess the incidence, types and risk factors of military training related injuries in recruits of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces (CPAPF). Methods: A cohort study was made on the risk factors of injuries in 805 male recruits during the military training from December 25, 1999 to December 25, 2000. Results: A total of 111 recruits (14%) experienced one or more injuries, and the cumulative incidence was 16.1 injuries per 100 soldiers in a year. And 77.7 % of the injuries belonged to overuse injuries of the skeletal and muscular systems, the most common type of which was stress fractures. Most injuries occurred in the 3rd month of training. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis of possible risk factors for overuse injuries were carried out, and a number of risk factors were identified: history of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot and less running exercise before entry into the army. But a suitable body mass index (BMI) was a protective factor. Examination of age, body height, smoking, body flexibility and frequency of 2 mile running revealed no significant association with the injuries. Conclusions: History of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot, less running exercise before entry into the army and lower BMI were risk factors of the overuse injuries. In order to decrease the incidence of overuse injuries, the young people with good physical ability and shapely body type should be selected during conscription. During the training, nutrition should be improved so as to decrease the incidence of injuries.
