Finite Element (FE) modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the fault type variation with depth along and around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone. In this simulation elastic rheology was used and was ...Finite Element (FE) modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the fault type variation with depth along and around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone. In this simulation elastic rheology was used and was thought justifiable as the variation in depth from 0.5 km to 20 km was considered. Series of calculations were performed with the variation in domain properties. Three types of models were created based on simple geological map of California, namely, 1) single domain model considering whole California as one homogeneous domain, 2) three domains model including the North American plate, Pacific plate, and SAF zone as separate domains, and 3) Four domains model including the three above plus the Garlock Fault zone. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and Byerlee's law were used for the calculation of failure state. All the models were driven by displacement boundary condition imposing the fixed North American plate and Pacific plate motion along N34°W vector up to the northern terminus of SAF and N50°E vector motion for the subducting the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates. Our simulated results revealed that as the depth increased, the fault types were generally normal, and at shallow depth greater strike slip and some thrust faults were formed. It is concluded that SAF may be terminated as normal fault at depth although the surface expression is clearly strike slip.展开更多
After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international confl...After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international conflict management. Whereas most of the European states have suspended the conscription, the Swiss Armed Forces still hold on conscription. However, the Swiss Armed Forces have changed also. The reform ＂Armee 95＂ in 1995 and the reform ＂Armee XXI＂ in 2004 have transformed the Swiss Armed Forces and extended their range of tasks. Which of these tasks are legitimated by the Swiss population？ To answer this question, the Swiss population had been interviewed about the tasks of the Swiss Armed Forces as part of the study ＂Sicherheit 2016＂. The tasks which the Swiss population mentioned are displayed in this paper with regard to the transformation process classified and discussed. The evaluation shows that 93% of the interviewees have named one of Switzerland＇s constitutional duties （defense, support of the civilian authorities, and promotion of peace within an international context） as the most important task of the Swiss Armed Forces. Mainly the national defense order and the subsidiary support of the civilian authorities are approved by the Swiss population.展开更多
In case of restrictive defense budget financing, efficient and effective use of funds is now more than ever becoming a crucial question in functioning of the Ministry of Defense and Serbian Armed Forces （MoD and SAF...In case of restrictive defense budget financing, efficient and effective use of funds is now more than ever becoming a crucial question in functioning of the Ministry of Defense and Serbian Armed Forces （MoD and SAF）. Any investment in acquisition of arms and military equipment （AME） due to financial significance does not allow mistakes in decision making. Qualitative analysis of cost of assets through the entire programmed lifecycle is a complex multi-disciplinary and multi-criteria problem whose solving requires application of the model multi-criteria optimization. In our operational practice thus far, solving the said problems there wasn＇t enough the model multi-criteria optimization so the optimal results were lacking. In this paper investment process of AME in the MoD and SAF was analyzed, from the point of cost treatment in the process, its flaws have been pointed out and a more comprehensive - integrated approach has been suggested.展开更多
In Turkish, the phrase ＂armed forces＂ is usually interchangeable with the word ＂army＂, the land forces constituting the crushing majority of the whole military population. Turkish military serves as a nation-build...In Turkish, the phrase ＂armed forces＂ is usually interchangeable with the word ＂army＂, the land forces constituting the crushing majority of the whole military population. Turkish military serves as a nation-builder, absorbing and unifying all young males in the compulsory service with no discrimination whatsoever. Most of the other neighboring countries have all-professional-armed-forces, which consolidate a different and distinct class or even a sort of cast within the bosom of that very nation, thereby effectively working toward a disintegration, let alone unification. The incorporating and integrating function of the Turkish military can be understood better when this valuable comparison is taken into consideration. All valuable potentials attain recognition, there being no place for waste, as far as human resources go. The we-feeling there extends to each and every one of the soldiers. The military organization not only prepares the young man-power for a prospective armed conflict, but also imparts many good qualities and virtuous values into their characters like discipline, perseverance, comradeship, and self-esteem. The military, in a sense, serves as a process of initiation or a rite de passage, the end-result of which upon the honorable discharge at the end of the service term, is only a more mature and dignified young person than before.展开更多
Objective: To assess the incidence, types and risk factors of military training related injuries in recruits of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces (CPAPF). Methods: A cohort study was made on the risk factors of in...Objective: To assess the incidence, types and risk factors of military training related injuries in recruits of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces (CPAPF). Methods: A cohort study was made on the risk factors of injuries in 805 male recruits during the military training from December 25, 1999 to December 25, 2000. Results: A total of 111 recruits (14%) experienced one or more injuries, and the cumulative incidence was 16.1 injuries per 100 soldiers in a year. And 77.7 % of the injuries belonged to overuse injuries of the skeletal and muscular systems, the most common type of which was stress fractures. Most injuries occurred in the 3rd month of training. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis of possible risk factors for overuse injuries were carried out, and a number of risk factors were identified: history of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot and less running exercise before entry into the army. But a suitable body mass index (BMI) was a protective factor. Examination of age, body height, smoking, body flexibility and frequency of 2 mile running revealed no significant association with the injuries. Conclusions: History of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot, less running exercise before entry into the army and lower BMI were risk factors of the overuse injuries. In order to decrease the incidence of overuse injuries, the young people with good physical ability and shapely body type should be selected during conscription. During the training, nutrition should be improved so as to decrease the incidence of injuries.展开更多
文摘Finite Element (FE) modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the fault type variation with depth along and around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone. In this simulation elastic rheology was used and was thought justifiable as the variation in depth from 0.5 km to 20 km was considered. Series of calculations were performed with the variation in domain properties. Three types of models were created based on simple geological map of California, namely, 1) single domain model considering whole California as one homogeneous domain, 2) three domains model including the North American plate, Pacific plate, and SAF zone as separate domains, and 3) Four domains model including the three above plus the Garlock Fault zone. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and Byerlee's law were used for the calculation of failure state. All the models were driven by displacement boundary condition imposing the fixed North American plate and Pacific plate motion along N34°W vector up to the northern terminus of SAF and N50°E vector motion for the subducting the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates. Our simulated results revealed that as the depth increased, the fault types were generally normal, and at shallow depth greater strike slip and some thrust faults were formed. It is concluded that SAF may be terminated as normal fault at depth although the surface expression is clearly strike slip.
文摘After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international conflict management. Whereas most of the European states have suspended the conscription, the Swiss Armed Forces still hold on conscription. However, the Swiss Armed Forces have changed also. The reform ＂Armee 95＂ in 1995 and the reform ＂Armee XXI＂ in 2004 have transformed the Swiss Armed Forces and extended their range of tasks. Which of these tasks are legitimated by the Swiss population？ To answer this question, the Swiss population had been interviewed about the tasks of the Swiss Armed Forces as part of the study ＂Sicherheit 2016＂. The tasks which the Swiss population mentioned are displayed in this paper with regard to the transformation process classified and discussed. The evaluation shows that 93% of the interviewees have named one of Switzerland＇s constitutional duties （defense, support of the civilian authorities, and promotion of peace within an international context） as the most important task of the Swiss Armed Forces. Mainly the national defense order and the subsidiary support of the civilian authorities are approved by the Swiss population.
文摘In case of restrictive defense budget financing, efficient and effective use of funds is now more than ever becoming a crucial question in functioning of the Ministry of Defense and Serbian Armed Forces （MoD and SAF）. Any investment in acquisition of arms and military equipment （AME） due to financial significance does not allow mistakes in decision making. Qualitative analysis of cost of assets through the entire programmed lifecycle is a complex multi-disciplinary and multi-criteria problem whose solving requires application of the model multi-criteria optimization. In our operational practice thus far, solving the said problems there wasn＇t enough the model multi-criteria optimization so the optimal results were lacking. In this paper investment process of AME in the MoD and SAF was analyzed, from the point of cost treatment in the process, its flaws have been pointed out and a more comprehensive - integrated approach has been suggested.
文摘In Turkish, the phrase ＂armed forces＂ is usually interchangeable with the word ＂army＂, the land forces constituting the crushing majority of the whole military population. Turkish military serves as a nation-builder, absorbing and unifying all young males in the compulsory service with no discrimination whatsoever. Most of the other neighboring countries have all-professional-armed-forces, which consolidate a different and distinct class or even a sort of cast within the bosom of that very nation, thereby effectively working toward a disintegration, let alone unification. The incorporating and integrating function of the Turkish military can be understood better when this valuable comparison is taken into consideration. All valuable potentials attain recognition, there being no place for waste, as far as human resources go. The we-feeling there extends to each and every one of the soldiers. The military organization not only prepares the young man-power for a prospective armed conflict, but also imparts many good qualities and virtuous values into their characters like discipline, perseverance, comradeship, and self-esteem. The military, in a sense, serves as a process of initiation or a rite de passage, the end-result of which upon the honorable discharge at the end of the service term, is only a more mature and dignified young person than before.
文摘Objective: To assess the incidence, types and risk factors of military training related injuries in recruits of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces (CPAPF). Methods: A cohort study was made on the risk factors of injuries in 805 male recruits during the military training from December 25, 1999 to December 25, 2000. Results: A total of 111 recruits (14%) experienced one or more injuries, and the cumulative incidence was 16.1 injuries per 100 soldiers in a year. And 77.7 % of the injuries belonged to overuse injuries of the skeletal and muscular systems, the most common type of which was stress fractures. Most injuries occurred in the 3rd month of training. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis of possible risk factors for overuse injuries were carried out, and a number of risk factors were identified: history of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot and less running exercise before entry into the army. But a suitable body mass index (BMI) was a protective factor. Examination of age, body height, smoking, body flexibility and frequency of 2 mile running revealed no significant association with the injuries. Conclusions: History of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot, less running exercise before entry into the army and lower BMI were risk factors of the overuse injuries. In order to decrease the incidence of overuse injuries, the young people with good physical ability and shapely body type should be selected during conscription. During the training, nutrition should be improved so as to decrease the incidence of injuries.
