Stomach cancer is still the fourth most common cancer;thus,it remains an important public health burden worldwide,especially in developing countries.The remarkable geographic variations in the rates of stomach cancer ...Stomach cancer is still the fourth most common cancer;thus,it remains an important public health burden worldwide,especially in developing countries.The remarkable geographic variations in the rates of stomach cancer indicate that dietary factors,including a range of food groups to which salt and/or nitrates have been added,may affect stomach cancer risk.In this paper,we review the results from ecologic,case-control and cohort studies on the relationship between salt or salted foods and stomach cancer risk.The majority of ecological studies indicated that the average salt intake in each population was closely correlated with gastric cancer mortality.Most case-control studies showed similar results,indicating a moderate to high increase in risk for the highest level of salt or salted food consumption.The overall results from cohort studies are not totally consistent,but are suggestive of a moderate direct association.Since salt intake has been correlated with Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) infection,it is possible that these two factors may synergize to promote the development of stomach cancer.Additionally,salt may also cause stomach cancer through directly damaging gastric mucus,improving temporary epithelial proliferation and the incidence of endogenous mutations,and inducing hypergastrinemia that leads to eventual parietal cell loss and progression to gastric cancer.Based on the considerable evidence from ecological,case-control and cohort studies worldwide and the mechanistic plausibility,limitation on salt and salted food consumption is a practical strategy for preventing gastric cancer.展开更多
Objective： To determine the epidemio logical characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents in Fats Province of Iran. Methods： This crosssectional study was conducted in Fats Province of Iran during a 29month period...Objective： To determine the epidemio logical characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents in Fats Province of Iran. Methods： This crosssectional study was conducted in Fats Province of Iran during a 29month period from March 2009 to July 2011. The data were from the Fats Forensic Medi cine Registry, In 4 923 recorded road traffic accident fatalities, 971 deaths were due to pedestrian accidents. The demographic and accidentrelated information were analyzed by SPSS ver sion 11.5. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results： The mean age of decedents was （47.2±26.2） years, ranging from 6 months to 103 years old. Males ac counted for 69.8% of all deaths. Fatal accidents were mostcommon in September; 56.1% of the fatal injuries occurred on intracity roads and 33.1% on extracity roads. Fatal head injuries were present in 60.54% of cases. Evaluation of the injury site and the cause of death found that they were significantly associated with age, interval between injury and death. Besides, the type of roads played an important role in mortality. Conclusion： Although the clinical management of trauma patients has been improved in our country in the recent decade, decreasing the burden of injuries needs co ordination among trauma system organizations.展开更多
Purpose： In Iran, the most common cause of injuries and the second leading cause of deaths are traffic accidents, and those problems impose a substantial financial burden on the society. This study aims to determine ...Purpose： In Iran, the most common cause of injuries and the second leading cause of deaths are traffic accidents, and those problems impose a substantial financial burden on the society. This study aims to determine traffic accident mortality trends and their epidemiologic characteristics in the Kermanshah province, west of lran. Methods： In a cross sectional study, road traffic fatality data from 2004 to 2013 were analyzed to determine the epidemiological pattern of traffic accident mortality. Trend assessment was performed to ascertain the decreasing or increasing status. Chi-square and one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） tests, as well as Poisson regression were used to determine the significance of the data in time. Data were analyzed using Excel and statistical package of SPSS version 19. Results： Out of 5110 people that died in traffic accidents, 4024 （78.7%） were males. The state of accidents indicated that 404 （43.8%） female pedestrians died as a result of car crashes, and 1330 （41.4%） males died because of car collisions. 1554 （31.9%） deaths happened to pedestrians and 1556 （32.1%） to vehicle drivers, and the rest belonged to vehicle passengers. Head trauma was the cause of death for as much as 3400 （69.9%） cases. Fatal crashes in which pedestrians were involved mostly occurred between the hours 13：00 to 15：00, while the time for vehicle drivers was between 16：00 to 18：00. 2882 people （59.1%） died before reaching to health care facilities. Traffic crash mortality trend for pedestrians follows a linear pattern with a gentle downward slope, but the trend shows various swings when it comes to vehicle drivers. Conclusion： The number of traffic crash deaths from 2004 to 2013 indicates a decreasing trend in two groups of road users： vehicle drivers and car occupants. This can be due to some interventions such as modification of traffic rules and enhancement of police control which has been implemented in recent years. Moreover, more attention should be paid to promote the optimal health care services to save the lives of the injured from traffic accidents.展开更多
To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics and to define some preventive strategies for fall injury (FI). Methods: The medical records of patients admitted following a fall from a certain height between August...To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics and to define some preventive strategies for fall injury (FI). Methods: The medical records of patients admitted following a fall from a certain height between August 1996 and July 1997 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 138 patients were assessed, with a mortality of 31.2 %. The male to female ratio was 3.5 :1. The persons between 20 and 59 years old were the main victims ( 81.8 %), of which 52.2 % were related with their work altitude. The remaining adults fall because of, accidents in daily life, suicide attempts, drug abuse, alcohol, or criminal behavior. There were significant differences between the death group and the survival group in the Revised Trauma Score (RTS) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS) value (P< 0.05 and P< 0.01 , respectively). Six children fall from balconies, open windows or roofs. There were significant differences for the height of fall and RTS value in aged group than those in children, adolescents, and adults (P< 0.001 , 0.005 , 0.05 ; and P< 0.05 , 0.01 , 0.05 , respectively). The mortality of FI was significantly correlated to the height of fall (r= 0.897 , P< 0.005 ). Conclusions: Male adults are the main victims, especially the workers at high altitudes. The mortality of FI is significantly correlated to the height of fall. The preventive strategies developed through analyzing the risk factors of fall in different age groups might reduce the injuries and deaths following fall.展开更多
Objective： Road traffic crashes （RTCs） are considered to be the second highest cause of mortality in Iran. The purpose of this study was to describe the morbidity and mortality of RTC during 2003-2008.Methods： Dat...Objective： Road traffic crashes （RTCs） are considered to be the second highest cause of mortality in Iran. The purpose of this study was to describe the morbidity and mortality of RTC during 2003-2008.Methods： Data were got from national health sources of Iran. These data included population, the number of RTCs,consequent fatalities, cause and place of death from 2003 to 2008.Results： RTC incidence rate increased from 868.5 per 100 000 population in the year 2003 to 1 643.6 in 2008. A total of 2 565 deaths from RTC were recorded in Yazd from 2003 to 2008. RTC mortality rate increased from 46.1 per 100 000 population in 2003 to 46.9 in 2006, then declined to 38.8 in 2008. During this time period, overall traffic injury incidence per 100 000 population increased from 368.8 in 2003 to 647.9 in 2006, then declined to 527.9 in 2008. Head injuries were the most common cause of road traffic-related mortality from 2003 to 2008. Following road traffic accidents, most of the deaths occurred before arriving hospital.Conclusions： Road traffic crash-related mortality and morbidity in Yazd in the recent six years are increased, but decreased in the last two years. This decline is most probably the result of a variety of interventions, including laws,police enforcement, improvements in traffic and transport,health care resources and media and public education.展开更多
文摘Stomach cancer is still the fourth most common cancer;thus,it remains an important public health burden worldwide,especially in developing countries.The remarkable geographic variations in the rates of stomach cancer indicate that dietary factors,including a range of food groups to which salt and/or nitrates have been added,may affect stomach cancer risk.In this paper,we review the results from ecologic,case-control and cohort studies on the relationship between salt or salted foods and stomach cancer risk.The majority of ecological studies indicated that the average salt intake in each population was closely correlated with gastric cancer mortality.Most case-control studies showed similar results,indicating a moderate to high increase in risk for the highest level of salt or salted food consumption.The overall results from cohort studies are not totally consistent,but are suggestive of a moderate direct association.Since salt intake has been correlated with Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) infection,it is possible that these two factors may synergize to promote the development of stomach cancer.Additionally,salt may also cause stomach cancer through directly damaging gastric mucus,improving temporary epithelial proliferation and the incidence of endogenous mutations,and inducing hypergastrinemia that leads to eventual parietal cell loss and progression to gastric cancer.Based on the considerable evidence from ecological,case-control and cohort studies worldwide and the mechanistic plausibility,limitation on salt and salted food consumption is a practical strategy for preventing gastric cancer.
文摘Objective： To determine the epidemio logical characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents in Fats Province of Iran. Methods： This crosssectional study was conducted in Fats Province of Iran during a 29month period from March 2009 to July 2011. The data were from the Fats Forensic Medi cine Registry, In 4 923 recorded road traffic accident fatalities, 971 deaths were due to pedestrian accidents. The demographic and accidentrelated information were analyzed by SPSS ver sion 11.5. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results： The mean age of decedents was （47.2±26.2） years, ranging from 6 months to 103 years old. Males ac counted for 69.8% of all deaths. Fatal accidents were mostcommon in September; 56.1% of the fatal injuries occurred on intracity roads and 33.1% on extracity roads. Fatal head injuries were present in 60.54% of cases. Evaluation of the injury site and the cause of death found that they were significantly associated with age, interval between injury and death. Besides, the type of roads played an important role in mortality. Conclusion： Although the clinical management of trauma patients has been improved in our country in the recent decade, decreasing the burden of injuries needs co ordination among trauma system organizations.
文摘Purpose： In Iran, the most common cause of injuries and the second leading cause of deaths are traffic accidents, and those problems impose a substantial financial burden on the society. This study aims to determine traffic accident mortality trends and their epidemiologic characteristics in the Kermanshah province, west of lran. Methods： In a cross sectional study, road traffic fatality data from 2004 to 2013 were analyzed to determine the epidemiological pattern of traffic accident mortality. Trend assessment was performed to ascertain the decreasing or increasing status. Chi-square and one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） tests, as well as Poisson regression were used to determine the significance of the data in time. Data were analyzed using Excel and statistical package of SPSS version 19. Results： Out of 5110 people that died in traffic accidents, 4024 （78.7%） were males. The state of accidents indicated that 404 （43.8%） female pedestrians died as a result of car crashes, and 1330 （41.4%） males died because of car collisions. 1554 （31.9%） deaths happened to pedestrians and 1556 （32.1%） to vehicle drivers, and the rest belonged to vehicle passengers. Head trauma was the cause of death for as much as 3400 （69.9%） cases. Fatal crashes in which pedestrians were involved mostly occurred between the hours 13：00 to 15：00, while the time for vehicle drivers was between 16：00 to 18：00. 2882 people （59.1%） died before reaching to health care facilities. Traffic crash mortality trend for pedestrians follows a linear pattern with a gentle downward slope, but the trend shows various swings when it comes to vehicle drivers. Conclusion： The number of traffic crash deaths from 2004 to 2013 indicates a decreasing trend in two groups of road users： vehicle drivers and car occupants. This can be due to some interventions such as modification of traffic rules and enhancement of police control which has been implemented in recent years. Moreover, more attention should be paid to promote the optimal health care services to save the lives of the injured from traffic accidents.
文摘To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics and to define some preventive strategies for fall injury (FI). Methods: The medical records of patients admitted following a fall from a certain height between August 1996 and July 1997 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 138 patients were assessed, with a mortality of 31.2 %. The male to female ratio was 3.5 :1. The persons between 20 and 59 years old were the main victims ( 81.8 %), of which 52.2 % were related with their work altitude. The remaining adults fall because of, accidents in daily life, suicide attempts, drug abuse, alcohol, or criminal behavior. There were significant differences between the death group and the survival group in the Revised Trauma Score (RTS) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS) value (P< 0.05 and P< 0.01 , respectively). Six children fall from balconies, open windows or roofs. There were significant differences for the height of fall and RTS value in aged group than those in children, adolescents, and adults (P< 0.001 , 0.005 , 0.05 ; and P< 0.05 , 0.01 , 0.05 , respectively). The mortality of FI was significantly correlated to the height of fall (r= 0.897 , P< 0.005 ). Conclusions: Male adults are the main victims, especially the workers at high altitudes. The mortality of FI is significantly correlated to the height of fall. The preventive strategies developed through analyzing the risk factors of fall in different age groups might reduce the injuries and deaths following fall.
文摘Objective： Road traffic crashes （RTCs） are considered to be the second highest cause of mortality in Iran. The purpose of this study was to describe the morbidity and mortality of RTC during 2003-2008.Methods： Data were got from national health sources of Iran. These data included population, the number of RTCs,consequent fatalities, cause and place of death from 2003 to 2008.Results： RTC incidence rate increased from 868.5 per 100 000 population in the year 2003 to 1 643.6 in 2008. A total of 2 565 deaths from RTC were recorded in Yazd from 2003 to 2008. RTC mortality rate increased from 46.1 per 100 000 population in 2003 to 46.9 in 2006, then declined to 38.8 in 2008. During this time period, overall traffic injury incidence per 100 000 population increased from 368.8 in 2003 to 647.9 in 2006, then declined to 527.9 in 2008. Head injuries were the most common cause of road traffic-related mortality from 2003 to 2008. Following road traffic accidents, most of the deaths occurred before arriving hospital.Conclusions： Road traffic crash-related mortality and morbidity in Yazd in the recent six years are increased, but decreased in the last two years. This decline is most probably the result of a variety of interventions, including laws,police enforcement, improvements in traffic and transport,health care resources and media and public education.
