“去国”抑或“效死”?--儒家“国君死社稷”说辨正

《礼记》有“国君死社稷,大夫死众,士死制”之说,从礼制的角度来看,大夫与士因有“三谏而去”之礼,不必死国。国君由于“国君一体”,则应有死国之义,此亦与《公羊》“国灭,君死之”之说相合。然“国君死社稷”并非僵化的礼制原则,其亦可权变,若能做到德如太王,则国君亦可去国。此外,因“王者无外”,故“国君死社稷”不可推致天子,天子无死社稷之义。

行权与死义:董仲舒“国灭君死”说考辨——以齐顷公和纪侯为例

“国灭君死之,正也”最早见于《公羊传》,董仲舒对其进行了重新建构。与《公羊传》“君获”而“绝之”的阐释不同,董仲舒认为,“君获”等同于“国灭”,“佚获”较“君获”罪更甚之,“国灭”则君应死之。《公羊传》对逢丑父代君而斮本无褒贬,意在批评齐顷公“佚获”,董仲舒则以齐顷公无耻和纪侯死国阐发“贤死义”之义理,且将其纳入经权讨论,认为只有臣子在危亡之际可行权,国君则不能。董仲舒将纪季在纪国灭亡之际以酅入于齐的行为,解读为纪侯命其弟所为,纪侯的存社稷是以纪季代为行权实现的,变《公羊传》的“贤纪季”为“贤纪侯”。董仲舒“国灭君死”说虽与《公羊传》有所差异,但其与公羊义理一脉相承,因而可以说是对公羊义理的完善和发展。

《诗经·国风·野有死麇》英译形象变异与重构

《诗经》是汉语古诗源头,在英语国家深受汉学家青睐,其中多篇都有数个英译本,《国风·召南·野有死麇》即是极具代表性篇章,理雅各(James Legge)曾于1871年、1876年和1879年三次翻译该篇作品。其中,1876年译本中男女主人公的形象在跨语言转换中经外在符号、内涵符号和历史文化等层面重构后呈现更加浓厚的经学特征和教化功能。译本中的二者形象不仅是原文中男女主人公形象重构,也是译者语言与历史文化观重构,形象变异与重构与译者所处历史文化模式形成互动关系。

谋局? 死局?

智无常局，水浒中的智慧千变万化，在中国文化的宝库中展示了别样风采。本文即来探析水浒中上至高官，下至平民生活中的一些谋局，探析宋朝徽宗年间国困民艰背景下的生活文化，从而对北宋王朝的国灭人死的局面有所感悟。

Incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in China

Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the world; almost two-thirds of gastric cancer cases and deaths occur in less developed regions. In China, based on two national mortality surveys conducted in 1970s and 1990s, there is an obvious clustering of geographical distribution of gastric cancer in the country, with the high mortality being mostly located in rural areas, especially in Gansu, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces in the middle-western part of China. Despite a slight increase from the 1970s to early 1990s, remarkable declines in gastric cancer mortality were noticed in almost the entire population during the last decade in China. These declines were largely due to the dramatic improvements in the social-economic environment, lifestyle, nutrition, education and health care system after economic reforms started two decades ago. Nevertheless, gastric cancer will remain a significant cancer burden currently and be one of the key issues in cancer prevention and control strategy in China. It was predicted that, in 2005, 0.3 million deaths and 0.4 million new cases from gastric cancer would rank the third most common cancer. The essential package of the prevention and control strategy for gastric cancer in China would focus on controlling Helicobacter pylori （H pylori infection, improving educational levels, advocating healthy diet and anti-tobacco campaign, searching for cost-effective early detection, diagnosis and treatment programs including approaches for curable management and palliative care.

Growth and Mortality of Small Yellow Croaker(Larimichthys polyactis) Inhabiting Haizhou Bay of China

Length frequency data of small yellow croaker （Larimichthys polyactis） were acquired from the survey vessel in May, July, September and December, 2011 in Haizhou Bay of China. In this study, 921 fish individuals were analyzed for the estimation of growth and mortality parameters. Between length and weight, the power coefficient b was 2.7321, 2.9703, 3.0418 and 2.7252 for the 4 surveying months, respectively. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth function parameters were 230mm （L∞） and 0.26yr-1 （K） as were calculated with ELEFAN method equipped in FiSAT computer package. With length-converted catch curve analysis, the total mortality rate （Z） and its 95% confidence interval were 2.16 （1.69-2.64） yr-1, 0.59 （0.15-1.04） yr-1, 1.16 （0.80-1.52） yrl and 0.96 （0.70-1.23） yr1 for the 4 surveying months, respectively, with the pooled data the value was 1.15 （0.81-1.48） yr1. The natural mor- tality rate （M） was 0.516 yr 1 as was calculated with Pauly＇s equation （the annual average sea water temperature was 11 ℃）. Therefore, fish mortality rate was 0.634 yrz. The yield-per-recruit analysis indicated that when tc was 1, Fmax, was 0.7 and F01 was 0.55. Cur- rently, the age at first capture is about 1 year and Fcurrent was 0.634. Therefore, Fcurrent was larger than F0.1 and less than Fmax. This indicates that current fish mortality is at a dangerously high level. With Gulland method, the biological reference point for fishery （Fopt） was estimated as 0.516 yr1, lower than current fish mortality. Accordingly, reducing catch in the region was strongly recom- mended.

An analysis: Colon cancer mortality in Tianjin, China, from 1981 to 2000

AIM: To analyze the data from Tianjin Cancer Registry of mortality due to colon cancer from 1981 to 2000 in Tianjin, China. METHODS: Tumors diagnosed in this study were coded according to ICD-9. Mortality rates were calculated by sex and calendar year of diagnosis. RESULTS: Seventy point four percent of colon cancer deaths occurred in the age group of 55-79 years and the mortality rate reached its peak in the age group of 75-80 years. The average age at death was 64.10 years. An ascending trend was observed in the mean age of death due to colon cancer from 1981 through 2000. However, as for the sex ratio, there was no clear trend exhibited. During 1981-2000, the total number of deaths was 2147, 1041 males and 1106 females. The mean mortality rate of colon cancer was 3.04/100 000. The mortality caused by colon cancer ascended from 1981 to 2000. CONCLUSION: The epidemic trend of colon cancer in Tianjin and its risk factors and prevention should be studied further.

Gastric cancer incidence and mortality in Zhuanghe,China,between 2005 and 2010

AIM： To investigate the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer （GC） in Zhuanghe region, northeast China and the influencing factors for their changing trends.METHODS： All new cancer cases and deaths registered from 2005 to 2010 in Zhuanghe County were reviewed. The annual GC cases, constituent ratio, crude rates,age-standardized rates, their sex and age distribution and temporal trends were assessed. The method of annual percentage change （APC） was used to estimate the trends of GC.RESULTS： Altogether 2634 new cases of GC and 1722 related deaths were registered, which accounted for 21.04% and 19.13% of all cancer-related incidence and deaths, respectively. The age-standardized incidence rate steadily decreased from 57.48 in 2005 to 44.53 in 2010 per 10^5 males, and from 18.13 to 14.70 per 10s females, resulting in a APC of -5.81% for males and -2.89% for females over the entire period. The magnitude of APC in GC mortality amounted to -11.09% and -15.23%, respectively, as the agestandardized mortality rate steadily decreased from 42.08 in 2005 to 23.71 in 2010 per 10^5 males, and from 23.86 to 10.78 per 10^5 females. Females had a significantly lower incidence （a male/female ratio 2.80, P 〈 0.001） and mortality （a male/female ratio 2.30, P 〈 0.001）. In both genders, the peak incidence and mortality occurred in the 80-84 years age group. The age-standardized mortality/incidence ratio also decreased from the peak of 0.73 in 2005 to 0.53 in 2010 for males, and from 1.32 to 0.73 for females.CONCLUSION： Encouraging declines of incidence and mortality of GC were observed in Zhuanghe region between 2005 and 2010, possibly due to the economic development and efficient GC control strategies.

Incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in the AsiaPacific region

Objective: To provide an overview of the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer for countries in the Asia-Pacific region.Methods: Statistical information about breast cancer was obtained from publicly available cancer registry and mortality databases(such as GLOBOCAN), and supplemented with data requested from individual cancer registries. Rates were directly age-standardised to the Segi World Standard population and trends were analysed using joinpoint models.Results: Breast cancer was the most common type of cancer among females in the region, accounting for 18% of all cases in 2012, and was the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths(9%). Although incidence rates remain much higher in New Zealand and Australia, rapid rises in recent years were observed in several Asian countries. Large increases in breast cancer mortality rates also occurred in many areas, particularly Malaysia and Thailand, in contrast to stabilising trends in Hong Kong and Singapore, while decreases have been recorded in Australia and New Zealand. Mortality trends tended to be more favourable for women aged under 50 compared to those who were 50 years or older. Conclusion: It is anticipated that incidence rates of breast cancer in developing countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region will continue to increase. Early detection and access to optimal treatment are the keys to reducing breast cancerrelated mortality, but cultural and economic obstacles persist. Consequently, the challenge is to customise breast cancer control initiatives to the particular needs of each country to ensure the best possible outcomes.

《庄子·人间世》新诂(三则)

《人间世》出自《庄子内篇第四》,该篇全面、集中地探讨了庄子的处世哲学,并以其汪洋恣肆,瑰丽诡谲的行文及高远深邃的思想意境,一直为历代学者所重视。但由于《庄子》文字思精意奥,又苦于古今隔阂,因此,《人间世》中不少语句至今存疑。本文就《人间世》中三处词句的训诂或句读提出新解,为读懂它提供一些方便。

Analyses on cancer incidence and mortality in Huai’an area,China,from 2009 to 2011

Objective： The aim of the study was to investigate the cancer incidence and mortality in Huai＇an area, China, from 2009 to 2011. Methods： The data about cancer incidence and mortality were provided by Huai＇an Cancer Registry, China. Incidence and mortality rates, and standardized rates were calculated by age, gender, areas （urban and rural areas of Huai＇an） and cancer sites. Results： The crude incidence rate for all cancer sites was 205.60/105 and the standardized incidence rate was 166.22/10. Both the crude and standardized rates were higher in urban area than in rural area for both sexes. The inci- dence rates increased in people aged 40 and over, and the peak ages of incidence were between 70-75 in both males and females. The crude mortality rate for all cancer sites was 153.88/105 and the standardized mortality rate was 122.14/105. Both the crude and standardized rates were similar in urban and rural areas for both men and women. The mortality rates were at low level under the age 50 in both sexes, but increased after the age 50, reaching the peak at the ages of 80-85 in both males and females. The top 10 most common cancer sites in rank were esophagus, stomach, lung, liver, colon-rectum, breast, pancreas, cervix uteri, brain and central nervous system, and leukemia, accounting for 87.56% of all cancers. The top 10 most leading causes of cancer death in order were cancers of esophagus, lung, liver, stomach, colon-rectum, pancreas, brain and central nervous system, leukemia, breast and lymphoma, accounting for 90.53% of all cancer deaths. Conclusion： Cancer is one kind of major diseases threatening people＇s health in Huai＇an area, China. Cancer prevention and control should be enhanced, especially for esophageal cancer.

Pre-existing cirrhosis is associated with increased mortality of traumatic patients: Analysis of cases from a trauma center in East China

AIM:To determine the impact of cirrhosis on trauma patients and define the factors predicting death.METHODS:The data on patients admitted to the trauma center from January 2000-2005 were studied retrospectively.The clinical variables were recorded and compared to identify the factors differentiating cirrhotic trauma survivors from non survivors.Child's classification criteria were derived from the reviewed charts of cirrhotic trauma patients to evaluate their predictive value in cirrhotic trauma.Trauma registry was also used to generate a trauma control group by matching for age,sex,abbreviated injury score(AIS)over the same period of time.The outcome variables compared were mortality rate,time of ICU and hospital stay.Results were expressed as mean ± SD.These data were analyzed by SPSS.11.0 statistical software.Univariate analysis was performed to identify significant medical factors for survivor and non survivors subjected to chi-square test.Fisher's exact test and Student's t test were performed to determine the statistical difference between cirrhotic and control groups.P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS:Poor prognosis of traum patients was associated with one or more of the following findings:ascitcs,hyperbilirubinemia(more than 2 mg/dL),hypoalbuminemia(less than 3.5 mg/dL),and prolonged prothrombin time(more than 12.5 seconds).Although Child's classification was used to predict the outcome in cirrhotic patients undergoing portacaval shunt procedures,no significant difference was found in mortality rate as a function of Child's classification.CONCLUSION:Cirrhosis is associated with a highermortality,a longer time of ICU and hospital stay of trauma patients.It seems that treatment of trauma patients with pre-existing severe liver disease is a challenge to surgeons.

Association of resting heart rate and hypertension stages on all-cause and car- diovascular mortality among elderly Koreans： the Kangwha Cohort Study

Background Elevated resting heart rate and hypertension independently increase the risk of mortality. However, their combined ef- fect on mortality in stages of hypertension according to updated clinical guidelines among dderly population is unclear. Methods We fol- lowed a cohort of 6100 residents （2600 males and 3500 females） of Kangwha County, Korea, ranging from 55 to 99 year-olds as of March 1985, for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality for 20.8 years until December 31, 2005. Mortality data were collected through telephone calls and visits （to 1991）, and were confirmed by death record matching with the National Statistical Office （1992-2005）. Hazard ratios were calculated for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by resting heart rate and hypertension defined by Eighth Joint National Committee crite- ria using the Cox proportional hazard model after controlling for confounding factors. Results The hazard ratios associated with resting heart rate 〉 80 beats/min were higher in hypertensive men compared with normotensives with heart rate of 61-79 beats/rain, with hazard ratios values of 1.43 （95% CI： 1.00-1.92） on all-cause mortality for prehypertension, 3.01 （95% CI： 1.07-8.28） on cardiovascular mortality for prehypertension, and 8.34 （95% CI： 2.52-28.19） for stage 2 hypertension. Increased risk （HR： 3.54, 95% CI： 1.16-9.21） was observed among those with both a resting heart rate 〉 80 beats/rain and prehypertension on cardiovascular mortality in women. Conclusions Indi- viduals with coexisting elevated resting heart rate and hypertension, even in prehypertension, have a greater risk for all-cause and cardiovas- cular mortality compared to those with elevated resting heart rate or hypertension alone. These findings suggest that elevated resting heart rate should not be regarded as a less serious risk factor in elderly hypertensive patients.

Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of esophageal cancer in Huai’an area,China from 2009 to 2011

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of esophageal cancer from 2009 to 2011 in Huai'an area, China. Methods: The data about the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer were provid- ed by Huai'an Cancer Registry, and the epidemiological characteristics of the disease were analyzed. Results: Esophageal cancer was not only the first most common cancer, but also the leading cause of cancer death in Huai'an area. The crude and standardized incidence rates were 62.91/10 5 and 49.92/10 5 , and the crude and standardized mortality rates were 46.75/10 5 and 36.87/10 5 , respectively. The sex ratio (male-female) was 1.69:1 in incidence, and the incidence increased in people aged 40 years and over, reaching the peak at the ages of 70-75 years. The mortality rate was at low level under the age of 50 years, but increased after the age of 50 years, reaching the peak at the age of 75-85 years. Incidence and mortality rates varied regionally with the highest rate found in Chuzhou district (90.76/10 5 and 67.17/10 5 ) and lowest rate observed in Qinghe district (32.41/10 5 and 8.75/10 5 ). Conclusion: Esophageal cancer is the major burden of cancer in Huai'an area, and has marked geographic distribution difference. The key period of age for screening and prevention of the disease is 55-85 years old.

Rainfall occurrence and its relation to flood damage in China from 2000 to 2015

China is highly susceptible to flood disasters and subjected to great damage every year.Furthermore, the flood frequency has exhibited an increasing trend in recent years. Most flood events,including flash floods and river flood, are induced by rainfall. This study investigates annual variations of rainfall occurrence over China during the period from 2000 to 2015 at the national and regional scale using daily rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. The Mann-Kendall test is performed for trend detection, and statistical data of flood damage published by China's government,including destroyed crop area, damaged buildings,direct economic loss, percentage of GDP(gross domestic product), and death toll are correlatively analysed with rainfall occurrences. The results show that storm rain events show the greatest variation among three rainfall types(moderate rain, heavy rain and storm rain). The variation coefficients of rainfall over Northeast China, North China, and Northwest China are the highest, whereas that for Southwest China is the smallest. Moderate rain, heavy rain over Central China, and moderate rain over Southwest China exhibits decreasing trends, whereas the remaining exhibit increasing trends. The correlation between the rainfall occurrences and these flood damage indices at the national scale shows that only direct economic loss has a strong positive correlation with rainfall occurrences, and the other indices have weaker correlations. The correlation is strong in three north regions, except for death toll in Northwest China. In contrast, the correlation between flood damage and rainfall is weak in East China, Central China, Southwest China, and South China. Overall,death toll is strongly correlated with the number of damaged buildings, implying that flood fatalities in China are likely associated with building collapse, and are dominated by specific extreme events. This study can provide a scientific reference for flood management in China.

Incidence and in-hospital mortality of acute aortic dissection in China： analysis of China Health Insurance Research （CHIRA） Data 2011

Objective Acute aortic dissection （AAD） is a catastrophic event with high early mortality rate, but to date, no data on the incidence of AAD in China's Mainland is available. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of AAD in China and characterize the clinical profile, management and in-hospital outcomes of this vascular event. Methods We used the China Health Insurance Research Data （the CHIRA Data） 2011 which comprises all inpatient hospital records （300,886） during the period of Jan. 1st 2011 to Dec. 31 2011 of 3,335,000 randomly sampled beneficiaries （1,718,500 men and 1,616,500 women） from 25 cities and counties in different economic-geographic regions of China's Mainland. Patients with acute aortic dissection were identified according to International Classification of Disease 10m Revision （ICD-10） of I71.0, The estimated incidence of AAD was calculated using the equation： estimated incidence = 2.0 × （40% × hospital admission rate） ＋ 60% × hospital admission rate. Results The hospital admission rate was 2.0/100,000 （65/3,325,000, 95% CI： 1.2-2.8）. The estimated annual incidence of AAD was 2.8/100,000 （95% CI： 1.9-3.6） and was higher in male than in female （3.7 vs. 1.5, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age was 58.9 ± 13.4 years. During the mean hospital stay of 23 ±6 days, the overall in-hospital mortality was 13.9% （9/65）. Conclusions Our study showed relatively lower but not negligible incidence and in-hospital mortality of AAD in the mainland of China. The mean age of patients with AAD in Chinese was younger than that reported by researches from west countries, while the male to female incidence ratio is similar to those reported by other studies.

Metabolic syndrome vs. its components for prediction of cardiovascular mortality： A cohort study in Chinese elderly adults

Objective The predictive value of the metabolic syndrome （MetS） for mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular disease （CVD） in the Chinese population is unclear. The aim of this present study was to compare MetS with its individual components as predictors of mortality in Chinese elderly adults. Methods A cohort of 1,535 subjects （994 men and 541 women） aged 50 years or older was selected from employees of a machinery factory in 1994 and followed until 2009. Cox models were used to estimate the hazard ratios （HRs） predicted by MetS according to the harmonized defmition and by its individual components. Results The baseline prevalence of MetS was 28.0% in men and 48.4% in women. During a median follow-up of 15 years, 414 deaths occurred, of these, 153 participants died from CVD. Adjusted for age and gender, the HRs of mortality from all-cause and CVD in participants with MetS were 1.47 （95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.20-1.80） and 1.96 （95%CI： 1.42-2.72）, respectively, compared with those without MetS. Non-significant higher risk of CVD mortality was seen in those with one or two individual components （HR = 1.22, 95%CI： 0.59-2.50; fir = 1.82, 95%CI： 0.91-3.64, respectively）, while a substantially higher risk of CVD mortality only appeared in those with 3, 4, or 5 components （H_R = 2.81-3.72）, compared with those with no components. On evaluating the MetS components individually, we found that, independent of MetS, only hypertension and impaired glucose predicted higher mortality. Conclusions The number of positive MetS components seems no more informative than classifying （dichotomous） MetS for CVD risks assessment in this Chinese cohort.

Regulation or Property Rights： The Effect of China＇s Coal Mine Shutdown Policy on Work Safety

Since 1999, shutdown policy has been one of the most important industrial policies in China ＇S coal mining industry. There have been many controversies surrounding this policy and its effect on coal mine safety. This paper summarizes, analyzes and tests two contradicting views of the effects of shutdown policy on the mortality rate of township-and-village-owned coal mines. One view, or the regulative view, believes that shutdown policy induces firms to increase safety input, thus decreasing mortality. The opposing view, or the property rights view, argues that shutdown policy disturbs property rights stability and actually increases mortality. We built a simple theoretical model to analyze these contrasting rationales. The model uses the difference-in-difference method and provincial panel data from 1995 to 2005 to empirically test the policy＇s effects. Our findings are that shutdown policy significantly decreases output while also increasing mortality in township-and-village coal mines. This result is consistent with the property rights view.

Analysis of cancer incidence and mortality in 2010 to the residents of Hai’an county, Jiangsu Province, China

Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence, mortality and their impact factors and changing trends of malignant tumors in 2010 in the residents of Hai’an county, Jiangsu Province, China. Methods: Using the information of incidence, death registration information database and population data of malignant tumors in 2010 in the residents of Hai’an county, the incidence, mortality, accumulation incidence rates, and truncated incidence rate of malignant tumors were statistically analyzed. Results: The crude incidence, China standardized and world standardized incidence rates of malignant tumors in 2010 in Hai’an county were 281.53 per 100000 persons, 174.96 per 100 000 persons, and 175.14 per 100000 persons, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate from aged 0 to 64 years, the cumulative incidence rate from aged 0 to 74 years and the truncated incidence rate from aged 35 to 64 years were 6.85%, 15.39%, and 193.26 per 100000 persons, respectively. The rough mortality rate, China standardized and world standardized incidence rates were 234.11 per 100000 persons, 145.30 per 100000 persons, and 144.77 per 100000 persons, respectively. The top five cancers in the spectrum of cancer incidence were respectively esophageal cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colorectal cancer. The top four cancers in the spectrum of cancer death were consistent with the spectrum of cancer incidence. The 5th cancer in the spectrum of cancer death was pancreatic cancer. The incidence and mortality of various age groups were at a low level before 35-year-old age group. The incidence of female was slightly higher than that of male. But the incidence and mortality from the age group of 50 showed "suddenly" upward trend with age. The incidence and mortality of male were significantly higher than those of female. The ratios of male to female of incidence and mortality were 1.52:1 and 1.67:1, respectively. Conclusion: Residents over the age of 50, especially males, are high-risk groups who are exposed to certain risk factors. They should be the key objects of prevention and treatment of malignant tumors.

Reproduction and Mortality of Re-introduced Przewalski＇s Horse Equus przewalskii in Hustai National Park, Mongolia

The reproduction rate of Equus przewalskii in this study increased from year to year showing that the wild horses have already felt comfortable in the new environment and became acclimatized successfully. Of the mares which were born in Hustai National Park and successfully reached reproductive age, 24.7% first gave birth at age 3 and 55.6% of them first gave birth at age 4. The most effective age range within the breeding population was 5 to 15, 25%-89% of them giving birth and an average during 2002-2011 of 72.9%. Of the Przewalski＇s horses which died, 65% were foals, 9.4% subadult male, 7.7% subadult female, 7.2% adult male and 10.6% were adult females. Causes of mortality differed by age and sex although wolf attacks accounted for the predominant number of deaths among foals and subadults. Stallions usually died of bad condition and injuries but parturition problems were common causes of death among mares. The mortality rate of foals （40% in 1993-2011） is a matter of great concern since foals born in Hustai National Park are the only gain component now after the active reintroduction period came to an end. A total of 109 foals were killed by wolves in 1993-2011 but 52% of them were younger than one month.