【目的】针对稻田氮磷钾肥施用不合理引起环境问题较为严重的现象,从粮食高产高效和环境效益的角度分析稻田化肥的合理施用与管理策略。【方法】选用测土配方施肥项目2005—2010年在湖南省间布置的735个早、中、晚稻肥料田间试验,选取...【目的】针对稻田氮磷钾肥施用不合理引起环境问题较为严重的现象,从粮食高产高效和环境效益的角度分析稻田化肥的合理施用与管理策略。【方法】选用测土配方施肥项目2005—2010年在湖南省间布置的735个早、中、晚稻肥料田间试验,选取不施肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT)3个处理,对比分析了早、中、晚稻OPT较FP处理的增产效果与氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力的优势;通过筛选OPT处理产量或/和氮肥偏生产力前25%的试验点,建立高产、高效和高产高效3种方案,结合氮肥用量与氮素损失(N2O的排放、N的径流与淋失、NH3挥发)之间的经验模型,评估稻田节氮减排潜力;通过计算早、中、晚稻磷素表观平衡,分析稻田磷素残留状况;并引入湖南省早、中、晚稻种植面积,估算区域稻田氮、磷的环境效益。【结果】多年多点田间试验研究表明,与CK处理相比,FP和OPT处理分别可增产41.9%和52.0%(早、中、晚稻的平均值);与FP处理相比,OPT处理早、中、晚稻可增产7.0%—8.3%,氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高16.8%—19.6%和5.5%—37.3%,而OPT处理钾肥用量的提高对钾肥偏生产力的负效应较小(早、中、晚稻平均降幅为6.4%)。节氮减排评估结果表明,高产组产量高而氮肥用量相对较高,高效组氮肥偏生产力高而产量相对较低,用高产高效组表征产量和氮肥偏生产力的潜力更可靠;高产高效组早、中、晚稻每年可节省氮肥用量共81 kg·hm^(-2)(其中晚稻最多,为32 kg N·hm^(-2)),减少氮素损失15.5 kg N·hm^(-2),温室气体N2O减排约20%。湖南省稻田节氮总潜力为12.5×10~4 t,减少氮素损失2.35×10~4 t,主要对象为早稻和晚稻。优化施肥可提水稻的磷素总吸收量,早、中、晚稻从FP处理的59—66 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)增加到OPT处理的63—71 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)。磷肥用量与水稻磷素吸收量之间的关系显示,两者并不能达到显著的正向相关关系,说明当磷肥投入总量满足作物需求后,多余的磷素对当季作物磷素吸收无效,从而残留在土壤中;早、中、晚稻分别有46%、44%和15%的样本出现磷残留现象,通过筛选并分析磷残留样本得出,早、中、晚稻OPT处理磷残留比例明显低于FP处理,且磷残留量分别可降低到1.36—5.30 kg P2O5·hm^(-2),较FP处理下降了33.7%—48.5%;从全省范围来看,磷残留总量可减少18.14×10~3、3.59×10~3和5.30×10~3 t;另一方面,农民习惯施肥中,仍有不施磷肥的现象,这对土壤养分的耗竭影响较大,应重视平衡施肥。【结论】稻田优化施肥是产量和环境安全的重要保障,氮肥减量施用可提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失和温室气体的排放,控制磷肥总量可有效地避免土壤磷素残留带来的污染风险。展开更多
In order to study the difference between cauliflower varieties with ball well protected and unprotected in terms of pesticide residue and its causes, Jinpin 70, a new male sterile cauliflower variety with ball well pr...In order to study the difference between cauliflower varieties with ball well protected and unprotected in terms of pesticide residue and its causes, Jinpin 70, a new male sterile cauliflower variety with ball well protected, and Xuebao with ball unprotected were sprayed with high-toxic pesticide phorate and efficient bio-pesticide emamectin benzoate at a regular dose to investigate the impact of different cauliflower varieties on the pesticide residue. The results showed that from the 3rd to the 5th day after spraying, phorate and emamectin benzoate residues in Jinpin 70 with ball well protected reduced by 76.47%-87.65% and 67.86%-80.82% re- spectively compared with Xubao, and decreased by 9.23%-81.82% and 57.14%- 79.84% respectively compared with Jinpin 70 with ball unprotected. The results above demonstrates that inner leaves of cauliflower with ball well protected can prevent the ball from being polluted by phorate and emamectin benzoate, thereby improving its edible safety.展开更多
True Boiling Point （TBP） distillation is one of the most common experimental techniques for determination of petroleum properties. The methods for performing TBP distillation experiments are described by ASTM D2892 ...True Boiling Point （TBP） distillation is one of the most common experimental techniques for determination of petroleum properties. The methods for performing TBP distillation experiments are described by ASTM D2892 and by ASTM D5236. However, these methods are established for petroleum fractions that reach temperatures up to 565 ~C. In this work, two petroleum residues were distilled in a falling film molecular distillation prototype and the data were used to obtain the extension of the TBP curve above a temperature of 565 ~C. It was possible to extend the TBP curve of both petroleum up to temperatures close to 700 ~C with consistency and continuity in comparison to the standard curve. In addition, an amount of raw material that was been treated as residue could be reused.展开更多
The FG 9307 cell line derived from the gill of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was used in the present study to determine the acute cytotoxic effects of the organophosphorous pesticide, profenofos. It was found that t...The FG 9307 cell line derived from the gill of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was used in the present study to determine the acute cytotoxic effects of the organophosphorous pesticide, profenofos. It was found that the cell growth rate was markedly reduced by profenofos at the concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/L tested; and that the fine structures of the cells were also altered by profenofos, as evidenced by dilation of nuclear membranes and mitochondria cristae, and presence of enlarged lysosomes with engulfed organelles and numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Probably, mitochondria, the cell energy generating sites, are the most prominent sites of profenofos cytotoxity in the cells. This seems to be the first report of the use of marine fish cell line for evaluation of the acute in vitro cytotoxicity of organophosphorus pesticide.展开更多
文摘【目的】针对稻田氮磷钾肥施用不合理引起环境问题较为严重的现象,从粮食高产高效和环境效益的角度分析稻田化肥的合理施用与管理策略。【方法】选用测土配方施肥项目2005—2010年在湖南省间布置的735个早、中、晚稻肥料田间试验,选取不施肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT)3个处理,对比分析了早、中、晚稻OPT较FP处理的增产效果与氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力的优势;通过筛选OPT处理产量或/和氮肥偏生产力前25%的试验点,建立高产、高效和高产高效3种方案,结合氮肥用量与氮素损失(N2O的排放、N的径流与淋失、NH3挥发)之间的经验模型,评估稻田节氮减排潜力;通过计算早、中、晚稻磷素表观平衡,分析稻田磷素残留状况;并引入湖南省早、中、晚稻种植面积,估算区域稻田氮、磷的环境效益。【结果】多年多点田间试验研究表明,与CK处理相比,FP和OPT处理分别可增产41.9%和52.0%(早、中、晚稻的平均值);与FP处理相比,OPT处理早、中、晚稻可增产7.0%—8.3%,氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高16.8%—19.6%和5.5%—37.3%,而OPT处理钾肥用量的提高对钾肥偏生产力的负效应较小(早、中、晚稻平均降幅为6.4%)。节氮减排评估结果表明,高产组产量高而氮肥用量相对较高,高效组氮肥偏生产力高而产量相对较低,用高产高效组表征产量和氮肥偏生产力的潜力更可靠;高产高效组早、中、晚稻每年可节省氮肥用量共81 kg·hm^(-2)(其中晚稻最多,为32 kg N·hm^(-2)),减少氮素损失15.5 kg N·hm^(-2),温室气体N2O减排约20%。湖南省稻田节氮总潜力为12.5×10~4 t,减少氮素损失2.35×10~4 t,主要对象为早稻和晚稻。优化施肥可提水稻的磷素总吸收量,早、中、晚稻从FP处理的59—66 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)增加到OPT处理的63—71 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)。磷肥用量与水稻磷素吸收量之间的关系显示,两者并不能达到显著的正向相关关系,说明当磷肥投入总量满足作物需求后,多余的磷素对当季作物磷素吸收无效,从而残留在土壤中;早、中、晚稻分别有46%、44%和15%的样本出现磷残留现象,通过筛选并分析磷残留样本得出,早、中、晚稻OPT处理磷残留比例明显低于FP处理,且磷残留量分别可降低到1.36—5.30 kg P2O5·hm^(-2),较FP处理下降了33.7%—48.5%;从全省范围来看,磷残留总量可减少18.14×10~3、3.59×10~3和5.30×10~3 t;另一方面,农民习惯施肥中,仍有不施磷肥的现象,这对土壤养分的耗竭影响较大,应重视平衡施肥。【结论】稻田优化施肥是产量和环境安全的重要保障,氮肥减量施用可提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失和温室气体的排放,控制磷肥总量可有效地避免土壤磷素残留带来的污染风险。
基金Supported by the Technology System Project of National Vegetable Industry(CARS-25-A-13)Science and Technology Planning Project of Tianjin City(12ZCDZNC03600)Major Science and Technology Engineering Project of Tianjin City(12ZCDZNC03500)~~
文摘In order to study the difference between cauliflower varieties with ball well protected and unprotected in terms of pesticide residue and its causes, Jinpin 70, a new male sterile cauliflower variety with ball well protected, and Xuebao with ball unprotected were sprayed with high-toxic pesticide phorate and efficient bio-pesticide emamectin benzoate at a regular dose to investigate the impact of different cauliflower varieties on the pesticide residue. The results showed that from the 3rd to the 5th day after spraying, phorate and emamectin benzoate residues in Jinpin 70 with ball well protected reduced by 76.47%-87.65% and 67.86%-80.82% re- spectively compared with Xubao, and decreased by 9.23%-81.82% and 57.14%- 79.84% respectively compared with Jinpin 70 with ball unprotected. The results above demonstrates that inner leaves of cauliflower with ball well protected can prevent the ball from being polluted by phorate and emamectin benzoate, thereby improving its edible safety.
文摘True Boiling Point （TBP） distillation is one of the most common experimental techniques for determination of petroleum properties. The methods for performing TBP distillation experiments are described by ASTM D2892 and by ASTM D5236. However, these methods are established for petroleum fractions that reach temperatures up to 565 ~C. In this work, two petroleum residues were distilled in a falling film molecular distillation prototype and the data were used to obtain the extension of the TBP curve above a temperature of 565 ~C. It was possible to extend the TBP curve of both petroleum up to temperatures close to 700 ~C with consistency and continuity in comparison to the standard curve. In addition, an amount of raw material that was been treated as residue could be reused.
文摘The FG 9307 cell line derived from the gill of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was used in the present study to determine the acute cytotoxic effects of the organophosphorous pesticide, profenofos. It was found that the cell growth rate was markedly reduced by profenofos at the concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/L tested; and that the fine structures of the cells were also altered by profenofos, as evidenced by dilation of nuclear membranes and mitochondria cristae, and presence of enlarged lysosomes with engulfed organelles and numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Probably, mitochondria, the cell energy generating sites, are the most prominent sites of profenofos cytotoxity in the cells. This seems to be the first report of the use of marine fish cell line for evaluation of the acute in vitro cytotoxicity of organophosphorus pesticide.
