Ecological variables play a significant role in determining the diversity and distribution of any living organism on earth. Lichens are not exceptional and are quite sensitive in comparison to other organisms; hence t...Ecological variables play a significant role in determining the diversity and distribution of any living organism on earth. Lichens are not exceptional and are quite sensitive in comparison to other organisms; hence the present study focuses on the impact of ecological variables on the diversity and distribution of epiphytic macrolichens colonizing Quercus leucotrichophora across eight different sites(50 m × 50 m) in Thal Ke Dhar forest, Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. For sampling of macrolichens, 200 trees(25 trees from each site) of Q.leucotrichophora were selected from each site and five quadrats of 5 cm × 10 cm(1000 quadrats in totality) were drawn at the tree trunk. From all the sampled trees, a total of 54 species of epiphytic macrolichens belonging to 18 genera and five families were recorded. Various ecological variables, namely altitude, aspect, slope, diameter at breast height(DBH), and lopping percent(partial cutting of the twigs as disturbance), were also analyzed to investigate their influence on macrolichen species composition and distribution pattern in the study area. For the determination of relationships between these variables, statistical analysis, namely Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, Polynomial regression analysis and Principal Component Analysis(PCA)were performed. Out of all variables, lopping was significantly correlated to species richness of epiphytic macrolichens(0.712~*, p<0.05) and it was confirmed by Pearson's Correlation Coefficient.Despite of having high anthropogenic pressure or impact through lopping, the maximum number of macrolichen species was recorded at elevation 2267 meter above sea level(m asl). The present study revealed that besides other ecological variables,lopping practices can act as a key parameter incontrolling the diversity and distribution not only of epiphytic macrolichens but also of other life forms such as bryophytes, pteridophytes, insects, birds etc.and can be either negatively or positively correlated.展开更多
Anatolia, also named as Asia Minor, is known as one of the gene centers for a number of the life forms in the world. Caucasian honeybee is one of the important gene resources in Anatolia and mountain type is the most ...Anatolia, also named as Asia Minor, is known as one of the gene centers for a number of the life forms in the world. Caucasian honeybee is one of the important gene resources in Anatolia and mountain type is the most significant variant. This honeybee race is black colored and similar to the Carniola bees regarding shape, size and hair cover. Body is moderate structured, slim and long as abdomen is thin. Chitin is dark. Hair cover is black and short （0.335 ± 0.031 ram）. Hair color of worker bees is livid grey as chest hair color of drones is black. All abdominal rings are black colored. It has the longest tongue （7.046 ±0.189 mm） among the all honeybee races. Caucasian bees form strong colonies but their colonial development is slow. They swarm only very little and are good tempered. They are good pollinators for alfalfa, clover and similar plants with deep tube flowers and can work under unfavourable conditions. It is known that homeland of Caucasian bee （A. mellifera caucasica） is upper valleys of mid-Caueasia （Georgia, Azerbaijan and Northern Caucasus）. Its distribution area is extended to Kars, Ardahan and Artvin provinces in North-Eastern Anatolia of Turkey. The area including Posof district of Ardahan province and its all villages and 6 villages of Camili basin in Borka district of Artvin province is housing different eeotypes of this race. So, this area was isolated for gene conservation of Caucasian bee by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2008. In-situ conservation studies for Caucasian bee （A. mellifera caucasica Gorbachev） have been continuing under the Indigenous Gene Resources Conservation Scheme with a total of 6,960 colonies under on-farm conditions.展开更多
After Sino-Japanese defeat, Taiwan became a Japanese colony. Liang closely watched the Japanese operating in Taiwan of all the trends, and had a deep thinking to get rid of Japanese rule in Taiwan viable path. He was ...After Sino-Japanese defeat, Taiwan became a Japanese colony. Liang closely watched the Japanese operating in Taiwan of all the trends, and had a deep thinking to get rid of Japanese rule in Taiwan viable path. He was about to emulate the Irish Anti-British model, through parliamentary struggle to make claim to get rid of colonial ruling in Taiwan. For Taiwan＇ s future, national movement had a profound impact. Because of this idea, Liang accumulated knowledge of the world, combined with the strength of Japan and Taiwan to compare the results of Taiwan＇ s colonial way of thinking, but he affected its overseas travel experience with his liberal political thought and constitutional doctrine of absolutism complement of each other.展开更多
Global development equity is a concrete unity of the ethics of rights and responsibilities, modern and historical ethics, subject-centered and ecological ethics, and individual and collective ethics. Its construction ...Global development equity is a concrete unity of the ethics of rights and responsibilities, modern and historical ethics, subject-centered and ecological ethics, and individual and collective ethics. Its construction requires prolonged effort and a comprehensive grasp of modernity, the laws of social development and the overall logic of social development, as well as an all-around readjustment of concepts, institutions and behaviors. Within the concrete and historical unity of rights and responsibilities, ＂the unity of limited global rights and limited global responsibilities＂ is an important principle for constructing global development equity. Declarations that China is practicing neo-colonialism are in fact inherently associated with Eurocentrism. The peaceful, joint and comprehensive development of China and other developing countries and China＇s historical advancement of global development equity are practical refutations of such assertions.展开更多
基金Head, Department of Botany, S.S.J. Campus Kumaun University, Almora - 263601 for providing laboratory facilities and G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora263643 (GBPI/IERP/16-17/16/175) for financial assistance
文摘Ecological variables play a significant role in determining the diversity and distribution of any living organism on earth. Lichens are not exceptional and are quite sensitive in comparison to other organisms; hence the present study focuses on the impact of ecological variables on the diversity and distribution of epiphytic macrolichens colonizing Quercus leucotrichophora across eight different sites(50 m × 50 m) in Thal Ke Dhar forest, Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. For sampling of macrolichens, 200 trees(25 trees from each site) of Q.leucotrichophora were selected from each site and five quadrats of 5 cm × 10 cm(1000 quadrats in totality) were drawn at the tree trunk. From all the sampled trees, a total of 54 species of epiphytic macrolichens belonging to 18 genera and five families were recorded. Various ecological variables, namely altitude, aspect, slope, diameter at breast height(DBH), and lopping percent(partial cutting of the twigs as disturbance), were also analyzed to investigate their influence on macrolichen species composition and distribution pattern in the study area. For the determination of relationships between these variables, statistical analysis, namely Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, Polynomial regression analysis and Principal Component Analysis(PCA)were performed. Out of all variables, lopping was significantly correlated to species richness of epiphytic macrolichens(0.712~*, p<0.05) and it was confirmed by Pearson's Correlation Coefficient.Despite of having high anthropogenic pressure or impact through lopping, the maximum number of macrolichen species was recorded at elevation 2267 meter above sea level(m asl). The present study revealed that besides other ecological variables,lopping practices can act as a key parameter incontrolling the diversity and distribution not only of epiphytic macrolichens but also of other life forms such as bryophytes, pteridophytes, insects, birds etc.and can be either negatively or positively correlated.
文摘Anatolia, also named as Asia Minor, is known as one of the gene centers for a number of the life forms in the world. Caucasian honeybee is one of the important gene resources in Anatolia and mountain type is the most significant variant. This honeybee race is black colored and similar to the Carniola bees regarding shape, size and hair cover. Body is moderate structured, slim and long as abdomen is thin. Chitin is dark. Hair cover is black and short （0.335 ± 0.031 ram）. Hair color of worker bees is livid grey as chest hair color of drones is black. All abdominal rings are black colored. It has the longest tongue （7.046 ±0.189 mm） among the all honeybee races. Caucasian bees form strong colonies but their colonial development is slow. They swarm only very little and are good tempered. They are good pollinators for alfalfa, clover and similar plants with deep tube flowers and can work under unfavourable conditions. It is known that homeland of Caucasian bee （A. mellifera caucasica） is upper valleys of mid-Caueasia （Georgia, Azerbaijan and Northern Caucasus）. Its distribution area is extended to Kars, Ardahan and Artvin provinces in North-Eastern Anatolia of Turkey. The area including Posof district of Ardahan province and its all villages and 6 villages of Camili basin in Borka district of Artvin province is housing different eeotypes of this race. So, this area was isolated for gene conservation of Caucasian bee by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2008. In-situ conservation studies for Caucasian bee （A. mellifera caucasica Gorbachev） have been continuing under the Indigenous Gene Resources Conservation Scheme with a total of 6,960 colonies under on-farm conditions.
文摘After Sino-Japanese defeat, Taiwan became a Japanese colony. Liang closely watched the Japanese operating in Taiwan of all the trends, and had a deep thinking to get rid of Japanese rule in Taiwan viable path. He was about to emulate the Irish Anti-British model, through parliamentary struggle to make claim to get rid of colonial ruling in Taiwan. For Taiwan＇ s future, national movement had a profound impact. Because of this idea, Liang accumulated knowledge of the world, combined with the strength of Japan and Taiwan to compare the results of Taiwan＇ s colonial way of thinking, but he affected its overseas travel experience with his liberal political thought and constitutional doctrine of absolutism complement of each other.
文摘Global development equity is a concrete unity of the ethics of rights and responsibilities, modern and historical ethics, subject-centered and ecological ethics, and individual and collective ethics. Its construction requires prolonged effort and a comprehensive grasp of modernity, the laws of social development and the overall logic of social development, as well as an all-around readjustment of concepts, institutions and behaviors. Within the concrete and historical unity of rights and responsibilities, ＂the unity of limited global rights and limited global responsibilities＂ is an important principle for constructing global development equity. Declarations that China is practicing neo-colonialism are in fact inherently associated with Eurocentrism. The peaceful, joint and comprehensive development of China and other developing countries and China＇s historical advancement of global development equity are practical refutations of such assertions.
