段干木非李克考

段克木是战国初的魏国名士,后人认为他“姓李,名克,封于段,为干木大夫,故称段干木”,误。据《史记·魏世家》《吕氏春秋·慎大览》,段干木、李克为魏文侯时期的不同二人。

老子落户芮城说

老子出生在楚国苦县厉乡曲仁里,经过努力而进入周朝王室而任守藏史,转为柱下史。后西出函谷关,受关令尹喜之邀,写出《道德经》。之后,老子北渡黄河,进入河东芮城境内,参拜九峰山天然内经图,并翻过中山瞻仰轩辕之丘,登上昆仑山拜西王母。之后回到九峰山隐居,安家落户在魏国,即今天的芮城。其子李宗因为战功被魏王封在段干,即今天的上段村,所以姓了段干。而段干木乃是老子的孙子,著名的法家李悝,也是老子的别孙。

Big Data for Precision Medicine

This article focuses on the potential impact of big data analysis to improve health, prevent and detect disease at an earlier stage, and personalize interventions. The role that big data analytics may have in interrogating the patient electronic health record toward improved clinical decision support is discussed. Weexamine developments in pharmacogenetics that have increased our appreciation of the reasons why patients respond differently to chemotherapy. We also assess the expansion of online health communications and the way in which this data may be capitalized on in order to detect public health threats and control or contain epidemics. Finally, we describe how a new generation of wearable and implantable body sensors may improve wellbeing, streamline management of chronic diseases, and improve the quality of surgical implants.

Crohn’s disease-Defect in innate defence

Crohn’s disease may prinicipally involve the whole gastrointestinal tract. Most commonly, the inflammation occurs in the small intestine and/or in the colon with stable disease location over the years. The pathogenesis of both disease phenotypes is complex, the likely primary defect lies in the innate rather than adaptive immunity, particularly in the chemical antimicrobial barrier of the mucosa. Crohn’s ileitis is associated with a reduced expression of the Wnt signalling pathway transcription factor T-cell factor 4 (TCF4), which is regulating Paneth cell differentiation. As a result, the alpha-defensins and principal Paneth cell products HD5 and HD6 are deficiently expressed in ileal disease, independent of current inflammation. In contrast, Crohn’s colitis is typically associated with an impaired induction of the beta-defensins HBD2 and HBD3 caused by fewer gene copy numbers in the gene locus of the beta-defensins on chromosome 8. This ileal and colonic defect in innate defence mediated by a deficiency of the protective alpha- and beta- defensins may enable the luminal microbes to invade the mucosa and trigger the inflammation. A better understanding of the exact molecular mechanisms behind ileal and colonic Crohn’s disease may give rise to new therapeutic strategies based on a stimulation of the protective innate immune system.

Mutual Interference of Two Debris Flow Deposits Delivered in a Downstream River Reach

We investigate experimentally the depositions of two contiguous debris flows flowing into a main river reach.The aim of the present experimental research is to analyze the geometry and the mutual interactions of debris flow deposits conveyed by these tributaries in the main channel.A set of 19 experiments has been conducted considering three values of the confluence angle,two slopes of the tributary,and three different triggering conditions(debris flows occurring simultaneously in the tributaries,or occurring first either in the upstream or in the downstream tributary).The flow rate along the main channel was always kept constant.During each experiment the two tributaries had the same slope and confluence angle.The analysis of the data collected during the experimental tests indicates that the volume of the debris fan is mainly controlled by the slope angle,as expected,while the shape of the debris deposit is strongly influenced by the confluence angle.Moreover,in the case of multiple debris flows,the deposit shape is sensitive to the triggering conditions.Critical index for damming formation available in literature has been considered and applied to the present case,and,on the basis of the collected data,considerations about possible extension of such indexes to the case of multiple confluences are finally proposed.

Effects of RapidEye Imagery's Red-edge Band and Vegetation Indices on Land Cover Classification in an Arid Region

Land cover classification(LCC) in arid regions is of great significance to the assessment, prediction, and management of land desertification. Some studies have shown that the red-edge band of RapidE ye images was effective for vegetation identification and could improve LCC accuracy. However, there has been no investigation of the effects of RapidE ye images' red-edge band and vegetation indices on LCC in arid regions where there are spectrally similar land covers mixed with very high or low vegetation coverage information and bare land. This study focused on a typical inland arid desert region located in Dunhuang Basin of northwestern China. First, five feature sets including or excluding the red-edge band and vegetation indices were constructed. Then, a land cover classification system involving plant communities was developed. Finally, random forest algorithm-based models with different feature sets were utilized for LCC. The conclusions drawn were as follows: 1) the red-edge band showed slight contribution to LCC accuracy; 2) vegetation indices had a significant positive effect on LCC; 3) simultaneous addition of the red-edge band and vegetation indices achieved a significant overall accuracy improvement(3.46% from 86.67%). In general, vegetation indices had larger effect than the red-edge band, and simultaneous addition of them significantly increased the accuracy of LCC in arid regions.

The Effect of Drought Occurring at Different Growth Stages on Productivity of Grain Amaranth Amaranthus cruentus G6

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of drought induced at different phenological stages on growth, biomass production and yield performance of grain amaranth Amaranthus cruentus G6. After emergence seedlings were exposed to different soil water regimes： constant adequate moisture （W1） and drought （W2） throughout the growing period, drought initiated at crop inflorescence formation （W3）, drought condition during pre-inflorescence formation （W4） and treatment W5 where drought condition occurred in the period from the beginning of inflorescence formation to the beginning of flowering. Crop samples were taken at the maturity. The growth and yield performance of amaranth were assessed by measuring root length, stem height and inflorescence length, and by evaluating fresh and dry weight of plant parts, grain yield and harvest index. Drought stress initiated at different phenological stages affected the evaluated morphological parameters, assimilate allocation and grain yield. Drought throughout the growing period resulted in grain and biomass yield reduction for 51% and 50%, respectively. Water deficit during inflorescence formation appears to be critical growing stage influencing grain yield, while soil drying in the vegetative growth stages improve the assimilate allocation to the above-ground biomass and particularly to the grain.

The effect of acupuncture at “Jǐng Jiājǐ”(颈夹脊) on auditory brainstem response threshold of guinea pigs with sensorineural hearing loss

Objective To explore the effect of acupuncture at ＂Jing Jiaji＂ （颈夹背） on sudden hearing loss by observing the changes of the threshold of auditory brainstem response （ABR） of deaf guinea pigs. Methods Sixty healthy guinea pigs were selected, with computer randomization, 20 were randomly divided into a normal control group （group A）, while the rest were randomly and equally divided into a model group （group B） and an acupuncture group （group C） when turned deaf after gentamycin sulfate and furosemide were administered. No treatment was administered for either the group A or the group B, while acupuncture at ＂Jing Jiaji＂ was given for the group C for 30 days. The ABR thresholds of each group were observed and recorded separately after the treatment for 15 days and 30 days. Results The ABR threshold in the group C was lower than that in the group B after the treatment of 15 days （P〈O.05）. After the treatment of 30 days, the ABR threshold in the group C was obviously lower than that in the group B （P〈0.01）, and was obviously lower than that before acupuncture （P〈0.01）. Conclusion Acupuncture at ＂Jing Jiaji＂ has definite effect on improving the hearing of deaf guinea pigs.

New actuator disk model for propeller-aircraft computation

There is a growing interest in propellers for transport aircraft as well as regional airliners from the viewpoint of energy saving. An important consideration for utilizing a propeller propulsion system on aircraft is the aerodynamic interaction between the propeller slipstream and other aerodynamic surfaces. It is therefore necessary to use a simplified but relatively accurate tool for propeller modeling, with the widely used actuator disk model. The advantage of this model is that it is easy to use and inex- pensive in terms of computation time required. In addition, it also produces acceptable results. In this study, a new regionalized actuator disk model was utilized in the analysis of propeller slipstream interference effects on a real four-propeller aircraft. The results are compared with the cases of inactive actuator disks, which shows that the propeller slipstream causes an increase in the lift and drag coefficients. An evident yawing effect caused by the rotating slipstream was noticed, which should be taken into account in the design phase. The regionalized actuator disk model is evaluated as a fast and relatively accurate model for propeller preliminary design.

Multi-stemming strategies of Quercus glauca in an evergreen broad-leaved forest: when and where

Aims Multi-stemming supports plants’resilience to disturbances and then contributes to soil stabilization and forest function,especially in mountain habitats.Many questions remain about(i)the ontogenetic phase at which multiple stems can occur,(ii)how habitat drivers affect multi-stemming and(iii)whether ontogenetic phase and habitat drivers interact.We asked these questions for Quercus glauca(ring-cupped oak),the dominant species and sprouter across large warm-temperate areas of Asia;its multi-stemmed trees reflect individual survival,population regeneration and forest ecosystem stability.Methods In a 5-ha permanent plot of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in eastern China,we examined the temporal patterns and spatial distribution of multi-stemmed trees of Q.glauca within 99 quadrats of 20 m×20 m.Important Findings There were three temporal modes for multi-stemming among the Q.glauca trees and most of them appeared to produce multiple stems from an early stage.Environmental disturbances related to slope convexity appear to be the main drivers of multi-stemming of Q.glauca.Moreover,the closer to the ridge,the earlier the multi-stemming occurs.Thus,also for other woody species in other forests and climate zones,ontogeny and environmental drivers promoting disturbance(not only geomorphology,but also extreme weather events,soil drought,fire),as well as soil fertility,need to be considered in combination to better understand multi-stemming and its consequences for community structure.

The improvement of cross-calibration of IIM data and band selection for FeO inversion

Chang’E-1(CE-1)Interference Imaging Spectrometer(IIM)dataset suffers from the weak response in the near infrared(NIR)bands,which are the important wavelength for retrieving the minerals and elements of the Moon.In this paper,the cross-calibration was implemented to the IIM hyperspectral data for improving the weak response in NIR bands.The results show that the cross-calibrated IIM spectra were consistent to the Earth-based telescopic spectra,which suggests that the cross-calibration yields acceptable results.For further validating the influence of the cross-calibration on the FeO inversion and searching the optimal bands to retrieve lunar FeO contents,four band selection schemes were designed to retrieve FeO using the original and cross-calibrated IIM spectra.By comparing the distribution patterns and histograms of the IIM derived FeO contents with the Clementine derived FeO,the IIM 891 nm band after cross-calibration showed a higher accuracy in the FeO inversion,hence most useful for lunar FeO inversion.