母乳喂养婴儿与哺乳母亲碘摄入量的配对调查

目的调查母乳喂养婴儿及哺乳母亲碘摄入量。方法母乳喂养婴儿与其母亲之尿碘配对进行测定;碘摄入量用尿碘乘尿排出量加以推算。结果母乳喂养婴儿与其母亲的碘摄入量具有显著性相关,155对1岁以内婴儿与哺乳母亲的相关系数为0.338(P<0.01),128对9月龄以内婴儿与哺乳母亲的相关系数为0.437(P<0.01);其回归方程分别为y^=103.3+0.19x和y^=83.98+0.26x。结论母乳喂养婴儿与哺乳母亲的推算碘摄入量能够评估碘营养状况。

上海市黄浦区半凇地区婴儿母乳喂养现状调查分析

目的：为了了解目前城市社区婴儿母乳喂养的现状及不同的喂养方式的区别，以更好地宣传提倡母乳喂养。方法：对上海市黄浦区半凇地区的430名六月龄的婴儿的喂养状况、生长发育状况、健康状况进行比较，同时对影响乳母泌乳量的可能因素及影响母乳喂养率的因素进行分析。结果：喂过母乳的母亲占95．6％，但坚持全母乳喂养到4mo的只占32．1％，坚持到6mo的仅占22，5％。儿童的平均断母乳时间为(6．37±3．44)mo。结论：母乳喂养能促进母、婴感情深化。母乳喂养能促进母亲产后恢复。母乳喂养还能减少家庭开支。母乳喂养由于其诸多优点，日益受到人们重视。

不含棕榈油的配方奶粉对大便性状影响的研究

目的母乳和配方奶粉中的脂肪为处于成长发育中的婴幼儿提供着主要的能量,同时对于多种维生素和矿物质的吸收起到关键的作用。棕榈酸是母乳脂肪中最重要的饱和脂肪酸,棕榈油在人体代谢时产生棕榈酸,因此长期以来婴儿配方奶粉中普遍添加棕榈油。母乳含有的棕榈酸不同于配方奶粉中的棕榈油。但是,最新研究表明配方奶粉中的棕榈油代谢时产生游离的棕榈酸,易与肠道中的钙离子结合,形成不溶性的钙皂,导致大便变硬,引起喂养儿便秘。本研究将观察改用未添加棕榈油的配方奶粉喂养的婴儿的大便性状与使用含有棕榈油配方奶粉的喂养儿的大便情况。方法总共有0～12个月的喂养儿6313例,分为未添加棕榈油配方奶粉的喂养组和含有棕榈油配方奶粉的喂养组,接受平均超过60d喂养后大便性状观察。家长在家记录大便性状。大便性状的观察指标主要是:大便次数、性状、颜色和大便时有无哭闹。每月随访1次,共3次。医生随访后填写CRF表格。结果未添加棕榈油配方奶粉的喂养组大便性状的各项指标和含有棕榈油配方奶粉的喂养组有统计学差异,P<0.0001。结论未添加棕榈油配方奶粉的喂养组较含有棕榈油配方奶粉的喂养组的大便性状有明显改善,证明未添加棕榈油配方奶粉不易引起便秘,受到广大家长欢迎。

Low level of galacto-oligosaccharide in infant formula stimulates growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli

AIM: To investigate the effect of a new infant formula supplemented with a low level (0.24 g/100 mL) of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on intestinal micro-flora (Bif idobacteria, Lactobacilli and E. coli) and fermentation characteristics in term infants, compared with human milk and a standard infant formula without GOS. METHODS: Term infants (n = 371) were approached in this study in three hospitals of China. All infants started breast-feeding. Those who changed to formula-feeding within 4 wk after birth were randomly assigned to one of the two formula groups. Growth and stool characteristics, and side effects that occurred in recruited infants were recorded in a 3-mo follow-up period. Fecal samples were collected from a subpopulation of recruited infants for analysis of intestinal bacteria (culture technique), acetic acid (gas chromatography) and pH (indicator strip). RESULTS: After 3 mo, the intestinal Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli , acetic acid and stool frequency were significantly increased, and fecal pH was decreased in infants fed with the GOS-formula or human milk, compared with those fed with the formula withoutGOS. No significant differences were observed between the GOS formula and human milk groups. Supplementation with GOS did not influence the incidence of crying, regurgitation and vomiting. CONCLUSION: A low level of GOS (0.24 g/100 mL) in infant formula can improve stool frequency, decrease fecal pH, and stimulate intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli as in those fed with human milk.

Nutritional management of newborn infants:Practical guidelines

The requirements of growth and organ development create a challenge in nutritional management of newborn infants,especially premature newborn and intestinal-failure infants.Since their feeding may increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis,some high-risk infants receive a small volume of feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN) without enteral feeding.This review summarizes the current research progress in the nutritional management of newborn infants.Searches of MEDLINE (1998-2007),Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library,Issue 3,2007),abstracts and conference proceedings,references from relevant publications in the English language were performed,showing that breast milk is the preferred source of nutrients for enteral feeding of newborn infants.The number of nutrients found in human milk was recommended as a guideline in establishing the minimum and maximum levels in infant formulas.The fear of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance are the major factors limiting the use of the enteral route as the primary means of nourishing premature infants.PN may help to meet many of the nutritional needs of these infants,but has significant detrimental side effects.Trophic feedings (small volume of feeding given at the same rate for at least 5 d) during PN are a strategy to enhance the feeding tolerance and decrease the side effects of PN and the time to achieve full feeding.Human milk is a key component of any strategy for enteral nutrition of all infants.However,the amounts of calcium,phosphorus,zinc and other nutrients are inadequate to meet the needs of the very low birth weight (VLBW) infants during growth.Therefore,safe and effective means to fortify human milk are essential to the care of VLBW infants.

Disadvantages of using pacifier in infants:a systematic review

Background and aim:Newborns with normal evolution have a biological inherited tendency for sucking.The satisfaction of this physiological necessity through excessive use of a pacifier and baby bottle in long time leads to multiple probable complications in children.Considering this important fact made the researchers to carry out the present study with the aim of systematic reviews of the disadvantages of the pacifier using on infants by using the texts studying and the writer experiences and the comments of the experts.Methods:All published studies in foreign databases during 2008-2018 were checked by using the key words of pacifier nutrition,non-exclusive nutrition,breastfeeding and human breast milk from Latin databases,such as CINHAL,PubMed,Web of Science and Scopus.Results:Fourteen studies were reviewed,aimed at analyzing the types of drawbacks to use of pacifier in infants.Finally,the types of drawbacks to using the pacifier were discussed in terms of the studies,frequency in the areas of oral and dental disorders,speech disorders,otitis media,sleep disorders,nutritional disorders and cognitive disorders.Conclusion:It seems that appropriate counseling about the way of breastfeeding should be used to replace the negative and false education of associates and informing the parents about the emotional needs of the child,as well as the emphasis on removing the pacifier from the age of one,is one of the things that can be effective in eliminating the factors involved in the aforementioned disorders.

Characterization and Technological Properties of Bifidobacterium Strains Isolated from Breast-fed Infants

Bifidobacteria represent the largest group of human intestinal bacteria. They have an important place in human health and represent the dominant group microflora of the newbom breast-fed. Following the behavior of strains of Bifidobacteria isolated from the breast-fed infants and from saline rehydration solution was considered in order to develop therapeutic fermented milk. Samples from newborn infants aged 10 months, or from a saline rehydration solution （Celia/Develop ORS） containing Bifidobacteria sold was used and isolated strains belonged to breve and longum species. Those strains showed preferences to neutral pH. They are mesophilic and tolerate high temperatures （42 ℃）. Glucose was commonly carbohydrate used in selective media for Bifidobacteria. Production of titratable acidity and therefore lowering the pH varies from one strain to another.

Epidermal growth factor concentrations in human milk,cow's milk and cow's milk-based infant formulas

OBJECTIVE: Because maternal epidermal growth factor (EGF) may be an adaptive response to accelerate growth and maturation in premature infants, we compared the EGF content in fresh cow's milk and cow's milk-based infant formulas with full and preterm mother's milk. METHODS: EGF content of 57 human colostrum from mothers delivering prematurely and at term, 4 different fresh cow's milk and 8 different cow's milk-based infant formulas was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). RESULTS: Human milk from mothers of premature infants had a higher EGF content compared to that from mothers of term infants (28.2 +/- 10.3 nmol/L vs. 17.3 +/- 9.6 nmol/L). EGF content in human milk negatively correlated with gestational age and birth weight of neonates. EGF content in fresh cow's milk (13.8 - 18.2 nmol/L) was similar to that in human term milk. EGF levels in non-hydrolyzed protein formulas were much lower (5.6 - 8.6 nmol/L), and were undetectable in hydrolyzed protein formulas. CONCLUSION: The high EGF content in premature milk may represent a maternal compensatory mechanism to accelerate the growth and development of immature infants. Feeding infants with breast milk from their own mother should be advocated since there is lack of EGF in cow's milk-based infant formulas.