strains of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium guizhouense were cultivated in submerged culture with magnetized water, and the biomagnetic effects of magnetized water on submerged sporulation of Metarrhizium anis...strains of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium guizhouense were cultivated in submerged culture with magnetized water, and the biomagnetic effects of magnetized water on submerged sporulation of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium guizhouense were preliminarily studied. The results indicated that the magnetized water affected the production of submerged conidia. The output of submerged conidia were increased significantly in proper magnetized water medium. In addition, the infectivity of submerged conidia of M337 strain was tested in laboratory. The test showed that there were no significant differences in the toxicity to the 3rd～4th instar larvae of Dendrolimus punctatus between Submerged conidia harvested from medium of magnetized water and those from medium of non\|magnetized water. It is hoped that the results may be used as the basis for the study on large scale of submerged conidia of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium guizhouense cultivated by magnetized water.展开更多
草原毛虫(Gynaephora ruergensis Chou et yin)是我国高原牧草中的一种有害害虫。草原毛虫核型多角体病毒新分离株(EupsNPV-Gr)具有典型的杆状病毒特征,呈单粒包埋型病毒粒子,ODV颗粒呈不规则的多边形,直径为1.0μm~1.35μm。EupsNPV-G...草原毛虫(Gynaephora ruergensis Chou et yin)是我国高原牧草中的一种有害害虫。草原毛虫核型多角体病毒新分离株(EupsNPV-Gr)具有典型的杆状病毒特征,呈单粒包埋型病毒粒子,ODV颗粒呈不规则的多边形,直径为1.0μm~1.35μm。EupsNPV-Gr能有效杀灭草原毛虫幼虫,它对草原毛虫的半致死浓度LC_(50)为4×10^(4)PIB/mL,是一种理想的生物防治剂。本研究对第一个EupsNPV-Gr基因组进行了测序和鉴定。EupsNPV-Gr基因组全长140684bp,包含134个开放阅读框。它与茶毛虫核型多角体病毒(EupsNPV)关系最为密切,序列同源性高达99%。系统进化分析表明,EupsNPV-Gr属于杆状病毒科alpha杆状病毒属,根据公认的种属划分标准,EupsNPV-Gr是EupsNPV的一个株系。新报道的基因组为研究该物种毒力的分子机制提供了基础。展开更多
Acute toxicities of potassium permanganate, formalin, and Lugol’s iodine solution to a commonly occurred marine ciliate Pleuronema coronatum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) were measured. Linear regression analysis of...Acute toxicities of potassium permanganate, formalin, and Lugol’s iodine solution to a commonly occurred marine ciliate Pleuronema coronatum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) were measured. Linear regression analysis of the results highlighted the close relationships between doses of the medicines and mortalities of the organisms, thus providing a capability to predict toxicity effects from the dose. Toxic effects of the medicines on the ciliates were described in the present paper, and the median lethal concentrations (LC 50 values) were given. Results of measurements indicated that 2 h-LC 50 and 12 h-LC 50 values of formalin on P. coronatum were 59.00×10 -6 and 43.57×10 -6, while those of Lugol’s solutions were 90.13 and 67.84×10 -6 respectively. The tolerance of P. coronatum to formalin is apparently lower than that to Lugol’s iodine solution and potassium permanganate is a suitable medicine to kill ciliates in short time.展开更多
Sulfotransferase （ST） is the first enzyme discovered in association with paralytic shellfish poisoning （PSP） toxin biosynthesis in toxic dinoflagellates. This study investigates the ST activity m crude enzyme extr...Sulfotransferase （ST） is the first enzyme discovered in association with paralytic shellfish poisoning （PSP） toxin biosynthesis in toxic dinoflagellates. This study investigates the ST activity m crude enzyme extraction of a toxic dinoflagellate species, Alexandrium tamarense CI01. The results show that crude enzyme can transfer a sulfate group from 3＇-phosphoadenosine 5＇-phosphosulfate （PAPS） to N-21 in the carbamoyl group of gonyautoxin 2/3 （GTX2/3） to produce C 1/C2, but is inactive toward STX to produce GTX5. The crude enzyme is optimally active at pH 6.0 and 15℃. The activity is enhanced by Co^2＋, Mg^2＋, Mn^2＋ and Ca^2＋ individually, but is inhibited by Cu^2＋. Moreover, the activity shows no difference when various sulfur compounds are used as sulfate donors. These results demonstrate that the ST specific to GTX2/3 is present in the cells of A. tamarense CI01 and is involved in PSP toxin biosynthesis. In addition, the ST from different dinoflagellates is species-specific, which explains well the various biosynthesis pathways of the PSP toxins in toxic dinoflagellates.展开更多
The acute toxic levels of formalin to a marine red-tide dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum Schiller (Mastigophora, Dinoflagellida) were determined by linear regression analysis. The data obtained revealed that there ...The acute toxic levels of formalin to a marine red-tide dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum Schiller (Mastigophora, Dinoflagellida) were determined by linear regression analysis. The data obtained revealed that there is a close regression relationship between logarithmic concentrations of formalin and mortality probit scales of the organism when exposure times are 1, 2, 6, 12, 24h. The median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) obtained from correlation analysis for these exposure times (with 95% confidence intervals), were 11.83, 6.76, 4.37, 4.27 and 3.98mgL-1, respectively. A toxicity curve was obtained to connect the exposure time and LC50 value from the correlation between them. The results indicated that P. minimum could be killed or fixed by formalin in the concentration range of 4-12mgL-1 within 1-24h.展开更多
文摘strains of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium guizhouense were cultivated in submerged culture with magnetized water, and the biomagnetic effects of magnetized water on submerged sporulation of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium guizhouense were preliminarily studied. The results indicated that the magnetized water affected the production of submerged conidia. The output of submerged conidia were increased significantly in proper magnetized water medium. In addition, the infectivity of submerged conidia of M337 strain was tested in laboratory. The test showed that there were no significant differences in the toxicity to the 3rd～4th instar larvae of Dendrolimus punctatus between Submerged conidia harvested from medium of magnetized water and those from medium of non\|magnetized water. It is hoped that the results may be used as the basis for the study on large scale of submerged conidia of Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium guizhouense cultivated by magnetized water.
文摘草原毛虫(Gynaephora ruergensis Chou et yin)是我国高原牧草中的一种有害害虫。草原毛虫核型多角体病毒新分离株(EupsNPV-Gr)具有典型的杆状病毒特征,呈单粒包埋型病毒粒子,ODV颗粒呈不规则的多边形,直径为1.0μm~1.35μm。EupsNPV-Gr能有效杀灭草原毛虫幼虫,它对草原毛虫的半致死浓度LC_(50)为4×10^(4)PIB/mL,是一种理想的生物防治剂。本研究对第一个EupsNPV-Gr基因组进行了测序和鉴定。EupsNPV-Gr基因组全长140684bp,包含134个开放阅读框。它与茶毛虫核型多角体病毒(EupsNPV)关系最为密切,序列同源性高达99%。系统进化分析表明,EupsNPV-Gr属于杆状病毒科alpha杆状病毒属,根据公认的种属划分标准,EupsNPV-Gr是EupsNPV的一个株系。新报道的基因组为研究该物种毒力的分子机制提供了基础。
基金This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40206021).
文摘Acute toxicities of potassium permanganate, formalin, and Lugol’s iodine solution to a commonly occurred marine ciliate Pleuronema coronatum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) were measured. Linear regression analysis of the results highlighted the close relationships between doses of the medicines and mortalities of the organisms, thus providing a capability to predict toxicity effects from the dose. Toxic effects of the medicines on the ciliates were described in the present paper, and the median lethal concentrations (LC 50 values) were given. Results of measurements indicated that 2 h-LC 50 and 12 h-LC 50 values of formalin on P. coronatum were 59.00×10 -6 and 43.57×10 -6, while those of Lugol’s solutions were 90.13 and 67.84×10 -6 respectively. The tolerance of P. coronatum to formalin is apparently lower than that to Lugol’s iodine solution and potassium permanganate is a suitable medicine to kill ciliates in short time.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40376032)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (No.2001CB409700)
文摘Sulfotransferase （ST） is the first enzyme discovered in association with paralytic shellfish poisoning （PSP） toxin biosynthesis in toxic dinoflagellates. This study investigates the ST activity m crude enzyme extraction of a toxic dinoflagellate species, Alexandrium tamarense CI01. The results show that crude enzyme can transfer a sulfate group from 3＇-phosphoadenosine 5＇-phosphosulfate （PAPS） to N-21 in the carbamoyl group of gonyautoxin 2/3 （GTX2/3） to produce C 1/C2, but is inactive toward STX to produce GTX5. The crude enzyme is optimally active at pH 6.0 and 15℃. The activity is enhanced by Co^2＋, Mg^2＋, Mn^2＋ and Ca^2＋ individually, but is inhibited by Cu^2＋. Moreover, the activity shows no difference when various sulfur compounds are used as sulfate donors. These results demonstrate that the ST specific to GTX2/3 is present in the cells of A. tamarense CI01 and is involved in PSP toxin biosynthesis. In addition, the ST from different dinoflagellates is species-specific, which explains well the various biosynthesis pathways of the PSP toxins in toxic dinoflagellates.
文摘The acute toxic levels of formalin to a marine red-tide dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum Schiller (Mastigophora, Dinoflagellida) were determined by linear regression analysis. The data obtained revealed that there is a close regression relationship between logarithmic concentrations of formalin and mortality probit scales of the organism when exposure times are 1, 2, 6, 12, 24h. The median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) obtained from correlation analysis for these exposure times (with 95% confidence intervals), were 11.83, 6.76, 4.37, 4.27 and 3.98mgL-1, respectively. A toxicity curve was obtained to connect the exposure time and LC50 value from the correlation between them. The results indicated that P. minimum could be killed or fixed by formalin in the concentration range of 4-12mgL-1 within 1-24h.
