Recent studies have uncovered two signaling pathways that activate the host innate immunity against viral infection. One of the pathways utilizes members of the Toll-like receptor （TLR） family to detect viruses that...Recent studies have uncovered two signaling pathways that activate the host innate immunity against viral infection. One of the pathways utilizes members of the Toll-like receptor （TLR） family to detect viruses that enter the endosome through endocytosis. The TLR pathway induces interferon production through several signaling proteins that ultimately lead to the activation of the transcription factors NF-kB, IRF3 and IRFT. The other antiviral pathway uses the RNA helicase RIG-Ⅰ as the receptor for intracellular viral double-stranded RNA. RIG-Ⅰ activates NF-kB and IRFs through the recently identified adaptor protein MAVS, a CARD domain containing protein that resides in the mitochondrial membrane. MAVS is essential for antiviral innate immunity, but it also serves as a target of Hepatitis C virus （HCV）, which employs a viral protease to cleave MAVS off the mitochondria, thereby allowing HCV to escape the host immune system.展开更多
Aromatic compounds (ACs) in soil can induce competitive inhibition for soil NH3 oxidation, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to this end. A laboratory incubation experiment was performed with 12 nitroaromatic c...Aromatic compounds (ACs) in soil can induce competitive inhibition for soil NH3 oxidation, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to this end. A laboratory incubation experiment was performed with 12 nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), 15 amidoaromatic compounds (AACs) and 20 hydroxyaromatic compounds (HACs) to assess the inhibitory effects of ACs on soil nitrification. Based on these results, the critical and optimal concentrations of ACs were determined for better inhibitory effects. Most of the test ACs were able to inhibit soil nitrification; the effectiveness differed with soil type. Among the ACs, the NACs with m-nitryl, amino or hydroxyl and the AACs with a nitro group or a chlorine atom on aromatic ring or with a p-hydroxyl were more effective. 3-nitroaniline, 4-aminophenol and 3-nitrophenol showed the greatest potential as nitrification inhibitors. The critical concentration of these compounds in brown soil and cinnamon soil was found to be 0.5 mg kg-1 soil. Due to the toxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of ACs, further toxicological and ecotoxicological research is necessary before ACs are used as nitrification inhibitors in agricultural and horticultural practices.展开更多
Objective To use systematic pharmacological strategies to explore the regulatory mechanisms of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction(MXSGD)against the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods Data on the compounds and targets o...Objective To use systematic pharmacological strategies to explore the regulatory mechanisms of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction(MXSGD)against the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods Data on the compounds and targets of MXSGD were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicene Systems Parmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP)and TCM Databases@Taiwan.Data on ACE2-related targets and the protein-protein interaction(PPI)were collected from the String database.The Cytoscape 3.7.2 was used to construct and analyze the networks.The DAVID platform was used for Gene Ontology(GO)and pathway enrichment analyses.Results Data on 272 MXSGD targets and 21 SARS-CoV-2 potential targets were collected.Four networks were constructed and analyzed based on the data:(1)compound-target network of MXSGD;(2)MXSGD-SARS-CoV-2-PPI network;(3)cluster of MXSGD-SARS-CoV-2-PPI network;(4)Herb-Pathway-Target network.The core targets included AKT1,MAPK3,IL-6,TP53,VEGFA,TNF,CASP3,EGFR,EGF and MAPK1.The antiviral biological processes were inflammatory responses(inflammatory cells,inflammatory cytokines and their signaling pathways),immune responses(T cells,monocytes,B cells and other immune cells),immune factors(IFN-γ,TNF-αand so on),virus defense,humoral immunity and mucosal innate immune response.The antivirus-related signaling pathways included TNF,NOD-like receptor,FoxO,PI3K-AKT and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.Conclusions MXSGD can control disease progression by regulating multiple compounds and targets;it can reduce inflammation and balance immunity by regulating several proteins that interact with ACE2 and signaling pathways closely related to disease development.展开更多
With the growing interest in the applications of gold nanoparticles in biotechnology and their physiological effects, possible toxicity of gold nanoparticles is becoming an increasingly important issue. A large number...With the growing interest in the applications of gold nanoparticles in biotechnology and their physiological effects, possible toxicity of gold nanoparticles is becoming an increasingly important issue. A large number of studies carried out over the past few years under a variety of experimental conditions and following different protocols have produced conflicting results, leading to divergent views about the actual safety of gold nanoparticles in human applications. This work is intended to provide an overview of the most recent experimental results and thereby summarize current state-of-the-art. Rather than presenting a comprehensive review of the available literature in this field, which would be impractically broad, we have selected representative examples of both in vivo and in vitro studies, which clearly demonstrate the need for urgent and rigorous standardization of experimental protocols. Despite their significant potential, the safety of gold nanoparticles is highly controversial at this time, and important concerns have been raised that need to be properly addressed. Factors such as shape, size, surface charge, coating, and surface functionalization are expected to influence the interactions of particles with biological systems to a different extent, resulting in different outcomes and influencing the potential of gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Moreover, despite continuous attempts to establish a correlation between structure of the particles and their interactions with biological systems, we are still far from elucidating the toxicological profile of gold nanoparticles in an indisputable manner. This review is intended to contribute towards this goal, offering a number of suggestions on how to achieve the systematization of data on the most relevant physico-chemical parameters, which govern and control the toxicity of ~old nanot^articles at cellular and whole-organism levels.展开更多
文摘Recent studies have uncovered two signaling pathways that activate the host innate immunity against viral infection. One of the pathways utilizes members of the Toll-like receptor （TLR） family to detect viruses that enter the endosome through endocytosis. The TLR pathway induces interferon production through several signaling proteins that ultimately lead to the activation of the transcription factors NF-kB, IRF3 and IRFT. The other antiviral pathway uses the RNA helicase RIG-Ⅰ as the receptor for intracellular viral double-stranded RNA. RIG-Ⅰ activates NF-kB and IRFs through the recently identified adaptor protein MAVS, a CARD domain containing protein that resides in the mitochondrial membrane. MAVS is essential for antiviral innate immunity, but it also serves as a target of Hepatitis C virus （HCV）, which employs a viral protease to cleave MAVS off the mitochondria, thereby allowing HCV to escape the host immune system.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No.2007CB109307)the National Science & Technology Pillar Program (No.2006BAD10B01)
文摘Aromatic compounds (ACs) in soil can induce competitive inhibition for soil NH3 oxidation, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to this end. A laboratory incubation experiment was performed with 12 nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), 15 amidoaromatic compounds (AACs) and 20 hydroxyaromatic compounds (HACs) to assess the inhibitory effects of ACs on soil nitrification. Based on these results, the critical and optimal concentrations of ACs were determined for better inhibitory effects. Most of the test ACs were able to inhibit soil nitrification; the effectiveness differed with soil type. Among the ACs, the NACs with m-nitryl, amino or hydroxyl and the AACs with a nitro group or a chlorine atom on aromatic ring or with a p-hydroxyl were more effective. 3-nitroaniline, 4-aminophenol and 3-nitrophenol showed the greatest potential as nitrification inhibitors. The critical concentration of these compounds in brown soil and cinnamon soil was found to be 0.5 mg kg-1 soil. Due to the toxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of ACs, further toxicological and ecotoxicological research is necessary before ACs are used as nitrification inhibitors in agricultural and horticultural practices.
基金the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81774126,No.81973670)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2016JJ2095,No.2017JJ3232)+2 种基金Scientific Research Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of New Pneumonia in Hunan Province(No.GYGG007)the Construction Project of Specialty of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Guangdong Provincethe Construction Project of Specialty of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shenzhen。
文摘Objective To use systematic pharmacological strategies to explore the regulatory mechanisms of Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction(MXSGD)against the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Methods Data on the compounds and targets of MXSGD were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicene Systems Parmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP)and TCM Databases@Taiwan.Data on ACE2-related targets and the protein-protein interaction(PPI)were collected from the String database.The Cytoscape 3.7.2 was used to construct and analyze the networks.The DAVID platform was used for Gene Ontology(GO)and pathway enrichment analyses.Results Data on 272 MXSGD targets and 21 SARS-CoV-2 potential targets were collected.Four networks were constructed and analyzed based on the data:(1)compound-target network of MXSGD;(2)MXSGD-SARS-CoV-2-PPI network;(3)cluster of MXSGD-SARS-CoV-2-PPI network;(4)Herb-Pathway-Target network.The core targets included AKT1,MAPK3,IL-6,TP53,VEGFA,TNF,CASP3,EGFR,EGF and MAPK1.The antiviral biological processes were inflammatory responses(inflammatory cells,inflammatory cytokines and their signaling pathways),immune responses(T cells,monocytes,B cells and other immune cells),immune factors(IFN-γ,TNF-αand so on),virus defense,humoral immunity and mucosal innate immune response.The antivirus-related signaling pathways included TNF,NOD-like receptor,FoxO,PI3K-AKT and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.Conclusions MXSGD can control disease progression by regulating multiple compounds and targets;it can reduce inflammation and balance immunity by regulating several proteins that interact with ACE2 and signaling pathways closely related to disease development.
文摘With the growing interest in the applications of gold nanoparticles in biotechnology and their physiological effects, possible toxicity of gold nanoparticles is becoming an increasingly important issue. A large number of studies carried out over the past few years under a variety of experimental conditions and following different protocols have produced conflicting results, leading to divergent views about the actual safety of gold nanoparticles in human applications. This work is intended to provide an overview of the most recent experimental results and thereby summarize current state-of-the-art. Rather than presenting a comprehensive review of the available literature in this field, which would be impractically broad, we have selected representative examples of both in vivo and in vitro studies, which clearly demonstrate the need for urgent and rigorous standardization of experimental protocols. Despite their significant potential, the safety of gold nanoparticles is highly controversial at this time, and important concerns have been raised that need to be properly addressed. Factors such as shape, size, surface charge, coating, and surface functionalization are expected to influence the interactions of particles with biological systems to a different extent, resulting in different outcomes and influencing the potential of gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Moreover, despite continuous attempts to establish a correlation between structure of the particles and their interactions with biological systems, we are still far from elucidating the toxicological profile of gold nanoparticles in an indisputable manner. This review is intended to contribute towards this goal, offering a number of suggestions on how to achieve the systematization of data on the most relevant physico-chemical parameters, which govern and control the toxicity of ~old nanot^articles at cellular and whole-organism levels.
