可摘矫治器打磨抛光环节的消毒问题

在口腔整畸门诊工作中，可摘矫治器常需进行打磨抛光处理。因此，打磨机的磨轮、磨光剂及其溶液的消毒处理至关重要，否则将会成为口腔交叉感染的原因之一。我们通过细菌培养等方法，总结出既实用又科学的消毒方法，可供临床推广应用。

“肾痹善胀”的文献与临床意义

考证认为“肾痹善胀”乏“胀”，文献意义同“张”，乃“强直僵紧”的意思。“尻以代踵，脊以代头”正是对“强直僵紧”之甚者的形象描述，远非历代注家之“腹胀”、“胀满”、“肿胀”。印证于临床，证明“肾痹善胀（易强直僵紧）”，甚者可成“尻以代踵，脊以代头”等特点，与现代医学之“强直性脊柱炎”、“类风湿性关节炎（骨纤维强直阶段）的临床表现完全吻合，故认为《素问》肾痹即现代医学“强直性脊柱炎”类疾病。

Analysis of Oseltamivir Resistance Substitutions in Influenza Virus Glycoprotein Neuraminidase using a Lentivirus-Based Surrogate Assay System

Influenza A virus poses a great threat to global health, and oseltamivir (trade marked as Tamiflu), which targets influenza surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA), is used clinically as a major anti-influenza treatment. However, certain substitutions in NA can render an influenza virus resistant to this drug. In this study, using a lentiviral pseudotyping system, which alleviates the safety concerns of studying highly pathogenic influenza viruses such as avian influenza H5N1, that utilizes influenza surface glycoproteins (hemagglutinin or HA, and NA) and an HIV-core combined with a luciferase reporter gene as a surrogate assay, we first assessed the functionality of NA by measuring pseudovirion release in the absence or presence of oseltamivir. We demonstrated that oseltamivir displays a dose-dependent inhibition on NA activity. In contrast, a mutant NA (H274Y) is more resistant to oseltamivir treatment. In addition, the effects of several previously reported substitution NA mutants were examined as well. Our results demonstrate that this lentivirus-based pseudotyping system provides a quick, safe, and effective way to assess resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. And we believe that as new mutations appear in influenza isolates, their impact on the effectiveness of current and future anti-NA can be quickly and reliably evaluated by this assay.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: An Overview

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic viral infection that is a serious threat to humans. The disease is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, and Europe and has developed into a serious public health concern. Humans become infected through the bites of ticks, by contact with a patient with CCHF, or by contact with blood or tissues from viremic livestock. Microvascular instability and impaired hemostasis are the hallmarks of the infection. Infection in human begins with nonspecific febrile symptoms, but may progress to a serious hemorrhagic syndrome with high mortality rates. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the most used and specific tests for the diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment is supportive. Although definitive studies are not available, ribavirin is suggested to be effective especially at the earlier phase of the infection. Uses of universal protective measures are the best way to avoid the infection. In this review, all aspects of CCHF are overviewed in light of the current literature.

Structural Characteristics and Molecular Mechanism of Hepatitis B Virus Reverse Transcriptase

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a typical member of the Hepadnaviridae family, is responsible for infections that cause B-type hepatitis which leads to severe public health problems around the world. The small enveloped DNA-containing virus replicates via reverse transcription, and this unique process is accomplished by the virally encoded reverse transcriptase (RT). This multi-functional protein plays a vital role in the viral life cycle. Here, we provide a summary of current knowledge regarding the structural characteristics and molecular mechanisms of HBV RT. Improved understanding of these processes is of both theoretical and practical significance for fundamental studies of HBV and drug discovery.

Animal models to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV co-infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) co-infection has become a public health issue worldwide. Up to now, there have been many unresolved issues either in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of M.tb/HIV coinfection or in the basic understanding of the mechanisms for the impairments to the immune system by interactions of these two pathogens. One important reason for these unsolved issues is the lack of appropriate animal models for the study of M.tb/HIV coinfection. This paper reviews the recent development of research on the animal models of M.tb/HIV co-infection, with a focus on the non-human primate models.

从“断禁”到“渐禁”——国民政府初期禁毒政策分析

国民政府初期(1927年至1937年)，在禁毒问题上经历了从“断禁”到“渐禁”的变化。分析这一变化．有利于深入了解该政府对烟毒问题的态度。

Current Situation of Drug Abuse and Countermeasures in Japan

Drug abuse is a common problem that all countries in the world face. The most distinguishing characteristic of drug abuse in ｜apart is that use of stimulants, mostly methamphetamine, accounts for over 80% of the arrests. Abuse of a stimulant called Philopon was widespread after the Second World War in ]apan, but the situation was dramatically improved after 1954 because the Japanese government enacted the Stimulant Control Act and restructured the police system and Japanese society recovered from post-war unrest. The situation of drug abuse in Japan has become less serious compared to the past and to the situation in many other countries, because we are taking comprehensive and nationwide measures, including proactive disclosure of the situation, control, drug abuse prevention class, and introduction of partial suspension of sentence. On the other hand, as in many countries, the rapid spread of new psychoactive substances （NPS） in recent years became a serious social issue. The situation of NPS has been rapidly improving due to comprehensive and government-wide measures, but the means of acquisition is quickly shifting to the Internet. It is necessary to strengthen cyber patrol.

The Strict Swedish vs. the Loose Dutch System for Regulations on Prostitution and Drug Use

The author＇s research topics include economic and legal questions concerning prostitution and drug use. There are two extreme models in these two areas, one represented by Sweden and the other by the Netherlands. Sweden votes for the model of a ＂prostitution and drug free society＂, while the latter represents a looser, more liberal view. This presentation aims to answer the question whether the statistics support the presumptions of either model. To shed light on these issues, facts and figures published by the Swedish and Dutch statistics offices as well as other studies on the subject were analyzed. During the course of the past few decades. the income from the prostitution and drug markets in Sweden was virtually unchanged. This may be considered as a failure： prostitution and drug use could not be decreased further. It may also be considered as an achievement： while these two markets were growing in many countries, at least in the case of Sweden the situation did not become worse. It seems that the liberal regulation of drugs and prostitution in the Netherlands has not been a successful venture. It is no wonder that there are plans for changes and limitations to the prostitution sector with new regulations, although complete prohibition has not been raised as an issue. The consumption of drugs has been increasing. In this respect, alongside the liberal stance on the issue, increasing emphasis is placed on deterrence from light drugs.

Haze with Chinese residents＇ health problems

In recent years, with the acceleration of urbanization, medium-sized cities face increasingly severe, fog and haze increase, the heavy air pollution concentration, which caused acute health problems such as irritation and cardiovascular diseases caused widespread concern in the community. Most scholars believe that the haze is toxic and harmful gases; particulate matter and other pollutants together lead to reduced visibility as the main manifestation of the phenomenon of air pollution. Population health effects caused by the haze have been proven in many studies. The system summarizes the polluting haze weather physicochemical characteristics, introduced widely accepted definition of haze, haze hazard to residents and the proposed requirements.

On-demand degradable magnetic resonance imaging nanoprobes

Theranostic nanoprobes can potentially integrate imaging and therapeutic capabilities into a single platform,offering a new personalized cancer diagnostic tool.However,there is a growing concern that their clinical application is not safe,particularly due to metal-containing elements,such as the gadolinium used in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).We demonstrate for the first time that the photothermal melting of the DNA duplex helix was a reliable and versatile strategy that enables the on-demand degradation of the gadolinium-containing MRI reporter gene from polydopamine(PDA)-based theranostic nanoprobes.The combination of chemotherapy(doxorubicin)and photothermal therapy,which leads to the enhanced anti-tumor effect.In vivo MRI tracking reveals that renal filtration was able to rapidly clear the free gadolinium-containing MRI reporter from the mice body.This results in a decrease in the long-term toxic effect of theranostic MRI nanoprobes.Our findings may pave the way to address toxicity issues of the theranostic nanoprobes.

Mosquito-Associated Viruses in China

Mosquitoes are classified into approximately 3500 species and further grouped into 41 genera.Epidemiologically,they are considered to be among the most important disease vectors in the world and they can harbor a wide variety of viruses.Several mosquito viruses are considered to be of significant medical importance and can cause serious public health issues throughout the world.Such viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),dengue virus(DENV),chikungunya virus(CHIKV),and Zika virus(ZIKV).Others are the newly recognized mosquito viruses such as Banna virus(BAV)and Yunnan orbivirus(YNOV)with unclear medical significance.The remaining mosquito viruses are those that naturally infect mosquitoes but do not appear to infect humans or other vertebrates.With the continuous development and improvement of mosquito and mosquito-associated virus surveillance systems in China,many novel mosquito-associated viruses have been discovered in recent years.This review aims to systematically outline the history,characteristics,distribution,and/or current epidemic status of mosquito-associated viruses in China.

HIV/AIDS,A Social Issue

On the 29th World AIDS Day on December 1,when various activities were held nationwide to disseminate information on HIV/AIDS-related issues,participants hugged and shook hands with other participants living with HIV/AIDS,providing a striking contrast to the early days when the diagnosis of AIDS often created panic and people’s first reactionwastoostracizeHIV／AIDSpatients．

The PCDD/PCDF Dioxin Releases in the Climate of Environment of Jordan in the Period (2000-2008)

Many environment problems of the full using of several categories of processing include mining,heat generators,direct combustion of forest fires,cement production,power plant,transport,medical waste.Dioxin/furan releases from these categories are one of these environment problems.Possible lines of reducing the PCDD/PCDF (Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins/Polychlorinated dibenzofurans) releases from these categories are elucidated.The contribution of this paper is present the identification and estimation of the latest figure of dioxin/furan releases in the climate of environment of Jordan in the period 2000-2008 from the following categories (cement,aluminum,ceramic,medical waste,power plant,land fill,ferrous and non-ferrous metals,uncontrolled combustion process (biomass burning,waste burning,accidental fires in house,transport).These finding shows the sign of growth of estimated PCDD/PCDF releases from categories which did not calculated and followed after 2003.The result shows the highest PCDD/PCDF release from landfill fires (62.75 g TEQ/year),medical waste (8.8264 g TEQ/year),and transport (3.0145 g TEQ/year).Jordan seeks by next years,a reduction in total releases of dioxins and furans from sources resulting from human activity.This challenge will apply to the aggregate of releases to the air nationwide and of releases to the water within the Jordan area.Jordan should conduct air monitoring for dioxin in order to track fluctuations in atmospheric deposition levels.

Asymptomatic stage of human immunodeficiency virus infection is the optimal timing for its management with Traditional Chinese Medicine

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is a worldwide public health problem and an incurable disease.The roles of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) on AIDS had been recognized and accepted by more and more people.Being a relatively long period,to initiate combination antiretroviral therapy(cART) for the asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection patient is not consensus.According to TCM theory,not only the imbalance of Yin and Yang but also the disharmony of internal body function and external natural environment had occurred in the body of the patient,the imbalance and the disharmony should be adjusted by the means of the treatment based on the patters identified among the symptoms in terms of TCM.We aimed to analyze the feature of patients with asymptomatic infection,and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the usage of cART for asymptomatic infection,explored the possible mechanism underlying TCM treatment of the asymptomatic infection,by reviewing the TCM treatment progress on asymptomatic HIV infection.

Achievements, challenges and prospects for the development of broadly protective multivalent vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against hand, foot and mouth disease

Hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) is a significant health concern in the Asia–Pacific regions for infants and young children in recent years. However, no vaccines or therapeutics are available at present. The causative agents for HFMD include human enterovirus 71(EV71), coxsackievirus A16(CVA16) and some other viruses. Recently, tremendous progress has been made in the development of monovalent and bivalent vaccines against HFMD. A few neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against EV71 or CVA16 have been identified and characterized. Here, we reviewed some achievements for the development of broadly protective vaccines and neutralizing antibodies against HFMD, and discussed challenges and prospects toward broadly protective multivalent vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against HFMD.

Optimal control analysis of hepatitis C virus with acute and chronic stages in the presence of treatment and infected immigrants

In this paper, we consider a deterministic hepatitis C virus （HCV） model and study the impact of optimal control on the screening of immigrants and treatment of HCV on the transmission dynamics of the disease in a homogeneous population with constant immigration of susceptibles. First, we derived the condition in which disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable and established that a stable disease-free equilibrium can only be achieved in the absence of infective immigrants. Second we investigated the impact of each control mechanism individually and the combinations of these strategies in the control of HCV. The costs associated with each of these strategies are also investigated by formulating the costs function problem as an optimal control problem, and we then use the Pontryagin＇s Maximum Principle to solve the optimal control problems. From the numerical simulations we found that the optimal combination of treatment of acute-infected and chronic-infected individuals control strategy produced the same results as the combination of the three strategies （combination of screening of immigrants, treatment of acute-infected and chronic-infected individuals）. By our model and these results, we suggest the treatment of acute-infected and chronic-infected individuals control strategy should be optimized where resources are scarce, because the implementation of the three strategies （combination of screening of immigrants, treatment of acute-infected and chronic-infected individuals） would imply additional cost.

Dynamical analysis of a class of hepatitis C virus infection models with application of optimal control

In this paper, we deal with the problem of optimal control of a deterministic model of hepatitis C virus （HCV）. In the first part of our analysis, a mathematical modeling of HCV dynamics which can be controlled by antiretroviral therapy as fixed controls has been presented and analyzed which incorporates two mechanisms： infection by free virions and the direct cell-to-cell transmission. Basic reproduction number is calculated and the existence and stability of equilibria are investigated. In the second part, the optimal control problem representing drug treatment strategies of the model is explored considering control parameters as time-dependent in order to minimize not only the population of infected cells but also the associated costs. At the end of the paper, the impact of combination of the strategies in the control of HCV and their effectiveness are compared by numerical simulation.