AIM： To examine the clinical characteristics of a subgroup of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and compare them to those with known risk factors. METHODS： We used the HCC database of 306 patients seen ...AIM： To examine the clinical characteristics of a subgroup of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and compare them to those with known risk factors. METHODS： We used the HCC database of 306 patients seen at our institution from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2001. Of the 306 patients, 63 （20%, group 1） had no known risk factors （hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, alcohol, hemochromatosis or cirrhosis from any cause） and 243 （group 2） had one or more risk factors. RESULTS： The median age was similar in both groups, but there were disproportionate numbers of younger （〈 30 years old）, older （〉 80 years） patients, women （33% vs 18%）, and Caucasians （81% vs 52%） in group 1 as compared to group 2. There were fewer Asians （2% vs 11%） and African Americans （13% vs 27%） in group 1. Abdominal pain （70% vs 37%） was more common while gastrointestinal bleeding （0% vs 11%） and ascites （4% vs17%） were less common in group i compared to group 2. Group 1 had larger tumor burden （median size 9.4 cm vs 5.7 cm） at the time of presentation, but there were no differences in the site （right, left or bilateral lesions）, or number of tumors between the two groups. CONCLUSION： HCC patients without identifiable risk factors have different characteristics and clinical presentation compared to those with known risk factors.Absence of cirrhosis and larger tumor burden may explain the differences in the presenting symptoms.展开更多
A two-step quantum secure direct dialogue protocol using Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR)pair block is proposed.In the protocol,the dialogue messages are encoded on series of qubits and sent through a quantum channel dire...A two-step quantum secure direct dialogue protocol using Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR)pair block is proposed.In the protocol,the dialogue messages are encoded on series of qubits and sent through a quantum channel directly.The security of the protocol is assured by its connection to the two-step quantum secure direct communication protocol,which has been proved secure.This protocol has several advantages.It is a direct communication protocol that does not require a separate classical communication for the ciphertext.It has high capacity as two bits of secret messages can be transmitted by an EPR pair.As a dialogue protocol,the two parties can speak to each other either simultaneously or sequentially.展开更多
文摘AIM： To examine the clinical characteristics of a subgroup of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and compare them to those with known risk factors. METHODS： We used the HCC database of 306 patients seen at our institution from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2001. Of the 306 patients, 63 （20%, group 1） had no known risk factors （hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, alcohol, hemochromatosis or cirrhosis from any cause） and 243 （group 2） had one or more risk factors. RESULTS： The median age was similar in both groups, but there were disproportionate numbers of younger （〈 30 years old）, older （〉 80 years） patients, women （33% vs 18%）, and Caucasians （81% vs 52%） in group 1 as compared to group 2. There were fewer Asians （2% vs 11%） and African Americans （13% vs 27%） in group 1. Abdominal pain （70% vs 37%） was more common while gastrointestinal bleeding （0% vs 11%） and ascites （4% vs17%） were less common in group i compared to group 2. Group 1 had larger tumor burden （median size 9.4 cm vs 5.7 cm） at the time of presentation, but there were no differences in the site （right, left or bilateral lesions）, or number of tumors between the two groups. CONCLUSION： HCC patients without identifiable risk factors have different characteristics and clinical presentation compared to those with known risk factors.Absence of cirrhosis and larger tumor burden may explain the differences in the presenting symptoms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10874098 and 11175094)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2009CB929402 and 2011CB9216-002)
文摘A two-step quantum secure direct dialogue protocol using Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR)pair block is proposed.In the protocol,the dialogue messages are encoded on series of qubits and sent through a quantum channel directly.The security of the protocol is assured by its connection to the two-step quantum secure direct communication protocol,which has been proved secure.This protocol has several advantages.It is a direct communication protocol that does not require a separate classical communication for the ciphertext.It has high capacity as two bits of secret messages can be transmitted by an EPR pair.As a dialogue protocol,the two parties can speak to each other either simultaneously or sequentially.
