Over two decades have passed by since Poland took the course of democratic changes. In the early 1990s the press sector was re-established as a consequence of de-monopolization and has been taken over by foreigners. T...Over two decades have passed by since Poland took the course of democratic changes. In the early 1990s the press sector was re-established as a consequence of de-monopolization and has been taken over by foreigners. The electronle media sector has been restricted for 15 years and foreign companies could only have one third of the ownership. The complexity of Polish media system reflects the long way from communism and governmental media towards free democratized market with some remnants of the previous era. It is hard to predict when it will be shaped in a brand new way and if it is generally possible.展开更多
The logical sequence of China＇s state governance is ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses--the people.＂ The ＂governing party--consultative conferences＂ link in the chain involves politi...The logical sequence of China＇s state governance is ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses--the people.＂ The ＂governing party--consultative conferences＂ link in the chain involves political consultation through people＇s consultative conferences. The ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses＂ link involves a process of obtaining legitimacy for the Party＇s views based on political consultations which are then translated into the national will by the system of people＇s congresses. The ＂people＇s congresses--the people＂ link involves the two-pronged logic of elections and governing the country according to law. The ＂governing party--the people＂ link is an illustration of the party＇s mass line, which essentially involves social consultation. Consultative democracy usually includes the political consultation in the ＂governing party---consultative conferences＂ link and the social consultation in the ＂governing party-- the people＂ link in the chain, both of which are connected through the system of people＇s congresses. This logically determines the inner relations between the Party＇s leadership, consultative democracy and the people＇s congress form of representative democracy and shapes the institutionalization of consultative democracy. That is, in the process of democratic decision-making, a circular system consisting of ＂political consultation-- legislative consultation--social consultation＂ is created to guide development of the actual system.展开更多
Over the past 30 years, Chinese society has undergone an enormous social transition. Along with the rise of a private economy, private business owners have emerged as a new social stratum, which attracts academic atte...Over the past 30 years, Chinese society has undergone an enormous social transition. Along with the rise of a private economy, private business owners have emerged as a new social stratum, which attracts academic attention domestically and internationally. As for the social origins of the private business owners, some of the private business owners are former cadres and current members of the Chinese Communist Party（CCP）. A question rarely pursued is what effects these ties have on political participation of＂ private business owners. The paper explores this question on the basis of data gathered in a representative survey of private enterprises in 2006. The study shows that the Chinese private business owners have diverse social origins, and their behavior in terms of political participation is also distinct in some ways. When it comes to the patterns of political participation of the private business owners, CCP members and former officials among private business owners indeed have unique characteristics in their access to political resources, but the patterns of political participation vary between these two groups. Furthermore, there are also considerable differences between members of the CCP and democratic parties in China in these respects. These findings cast doubt on the common use of CCP membership and occupational experience as cadre as interchangeable indicators for the ＂political capital＂ of business owners. A more differentiated understanding of the nature of political capital and mechanisms by which it is put to use by private entrepreneurs in China is called for.展开更多
During the past decades, while the Chinese Communist Party （CCP） has continued to consolidate its political leadership and refused to tolerate any opposition parties, intra-party democracy has been emphasized repeat...During the past decades, while the Chinese Communist Party （CCP） has continued to consolidate its political leadership and refused to tolerate any opposition parties, intra-party democracy has been emphasized repeatedly and expanded vigorously by Chinese Communist leaders as an alternative to electoral democracy or liberal democracy characterized by multiparty competition. Various democratic experiments have been conducted and many democratic elements introduced at all levels in the CCP. Although the growth of intra-party democracy is limited, these great efforts and achievements have profound implications for China＇s democratic future. The growth of intra-party democracy not only reflects the CCP＇s continuous efforts to institutionalize the rules of elite politics and fight against widespread corruption, but might also provide a good approach for political transition to democracy with Chinese characteristics in the future.展开更多
The rule of law in China should be advanced under a systems framework. The systems framework on which the Chinese rule of law relies is shaped by the socialist democratic system. Socialist consultative democracy, whic...The rule of law in China should be advanced under a systems framework. The systems framework on which the Chinese rule of law relies is shaped by the socialist democratic system. Socialist consultative democracy, which responds to the core themes of the determinant of socialism, Party leadership, the democratic tradition of New China and native resources for constructing the rule of law, is an important resource for constructing the rule of law in China. In a constitutional system of＂ruling Party--political power--the people＂ that takes the sovereignty of the people as the logic of its starting point, consultative democracy plays the role of functional coupling. Popular sovereignty gains political legitimacy on the basis of multi- party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, thus translating the will of the ruling Party into the will of the state. Consultative democracy constitutes an essential process in national decision-making, affording a basis for the construction of the inherent logical sequence of ＂ruling Party--Consultative Conference--People＇s Congress.＂ The democratic supervision exercised by the Consultative Conference is an extension of political consultation; from it unfolds the systems framework of the rule of law in China.展开更多
This paper investigates Chinese cosmopolitanism advocated by Wang Yang-ming（1472-1529） , a famous Confucian philosopher, and its implications for contemporary global governance and China＇s soft-power build-up. It a...This paper investigates Chinese cosmopolitanism advocated by Wang Yang-ming（1472-1529） , a famous Confucian philosopher, and its implications for contemporary global governance and China＇s soft-power build-up. It aims to provide a more inclusive perception of world order, and calls for a less nationalistic and hegemonic understanding of Confucianism in contemporary China＇s intellectual or ideological projections, which has been used to envision China＇s foreign policies recently. For the political use of the word ＂ harmony＂ today seems similar to instrumentalization of Confucianism in history. I focus on his idea of ＂being one body with the cosmos＂ and its socio-political dimensions of the world as one family, and then bring them into dialogue with the recent Western theorizing of liberal cosmopolitanism -- an idea of world citizenship which bases global governance on a universally rational foundation. I argue that Wang bases his cosmopolitanism upon graded care and a particular sense of sympathy. It is a sort of moral sentiment of embodied oneness and a cosmic psyche in caring for Heaven, earth, and the myriad creatures like caring for one＇s own body. It also accommodates ＂ integral pluralism＂ which urges one to sincerely and properly construe others＇ cultures and traditions without blindly embracing or rejecting them. Such cosmopolitanism is not an abstract love based on human rationality, but an allinclusive care with graded sympathy to others.展开更多
文摘Over two decades have passed by since Poland took the course of democratic changes. In the early 1990s the press sector was re-established as a consequence of de-monopolization and has been taken over by foreigners. The electronle media sector has been restricted for 15 years and foreign companies could only have one third of the ownership. The complexity of Polish media system reflects the long way from communism and governmental media towards free democratized market with some remnants of the previous era. It is hard to predict when it will be shaped in a brand new way and if it is generally possible.
基金This paper is the result of a major project of the Central Marxist Theoretical Research and Development Project and the National Social Science Foundation, ＂Comprehensively Promote Governance of the Country in Accordance with the Law＂ （2015MZD042） and a major project of the National Social Science Foundation （14DC027）. Thanks to Prof. Zhang Hong, Prof. Qin Xiaojian and Prof.Li Dong for their help revising this paper as well as to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.
文摘The logical sequence of China＇s state governance is ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses--the people.＂ The ＂governing party--consultative conferences＂ link in the chain involves political consultation through people＇s consultative conferences. The ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses＂ link involves a process of obtaining legitimacy for the Party＇s views based on political consultations which are then translated into the national will by the system of people＇s congresses. The ＂people＇s congresses--the people＂ link involves the two-pronged logic of elections and governing the country according to law. The ＂governing party--the people＂ link is an illustration of the party＇s mass line, which essentially involves social consultation. Consultative democracy usually includes the political consultation in the ＂governing party---consultative conferences＂ link and the social consultation in the ＂governing party-- the people＂ link in the chain, both of which are connected through the system of people＇s congresses. This logically determines the inner relations between the Party＇s leadership, consultative democracy and the people＇s congress form of representative democracy and shapes the institutionalization of consultative democracy. That is, in the process of democratic decision-making, a circular system consisting of ＂political consultation-- legislative consultation--social consultation＂ is created to guide development of the actual system.
文摘Over the past 30 years, Chinese society has undergone an enormous social transition. Along with the rise of a private economy, private business owners have emerged as a new social stratum, which attracts academic attention domestically and internationally. As for the social origins of the private business owners, some of the private business owners are former cadres and current members of the Chinese Communist Party（CCP）. A question rarely pursued is what effects these ties have on political participation of＂ private business owners. The paper explores this question on the basis of data gathered in a representative survey of private enterprises in 2006. The study shows that the Chinese private business owners have diverse social origins, and their behavior in terms of political participation is also distinct in some ways. When it comes to the patterns of political participation of the private business owners, CCP members and former officials among private business owners indeed have unique characteristics in their access to political resources, but the patterns of political participation vary between these two groups. Furthermore, there are also considerable differences between members of the CCP and democratic parties in China in these respects. These findings cast doubt on the common use of CCP membership and occupational experience as cadre as interchangeable indicators for the ＂political capital＂ of business owners. A more differentiated understanding of the nature of political capital and mechanisms by which it is put to use by private entrepreneurs in China is called for.
文摘During the past decades, while the Chinese Communist Party （CCP） has continued to consolidate its political leadership and refused to tolerate any opposition parties, intra-party democracy has been emphasized repeatedly and expanded vigorously by Chinese Communist leaders as an alternative to electoral democracy or liberal democracy characterized by multiparty competition. Various democratic experiments have been conducted and many democratic elements introduced at all levels in the CCP. Although the growth of intra-party democracy is limited, these great efforts and achievements have profound implications for China＇s democratic future. The growth of intra-party democracy not only reflects the CCP＇s continuous efforts to institutionalize the rules of elite politics and fight against widespread corruption, but might also provide a good approach for political transition to democracy with Chinese characteristics in the future.
文摘The rule of law in China should be advanced under a systems framework. The systems framework on which the Chinese rule of law relies is shaped by the socialist democratic system. Socialist consultative democracy, which responds to the core themes of the determinant of socialism, Party leadership, the democratic tradition of New China and native resources for constructing the rule of law, is an important resource for constructing the rule of law in China. In a constitutional system of＂ruling Party--political power--the people＂ that takes the sovereignty of the people as the logic of its starting point, consultative democracy plays the role of functional coupling. Popular sovereignty gains political legitimacy on the basis of multi- party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, thus translating the will of the ruling Party into the will of the state. Consultative democracy constitutes an essential process in national decision-making, affording a basis for the construction of the inherent logical sequence of ＂ruling Party--Consultative Conference--People＇s Congress.＂ The democratic supervision exercised by the Consultative Conference is an extension of political consultation; from it unfolds the systems framework of the rule of law in China.
文摘This paper investigates Chinese cosmopolitanism advocated by Wang Yang-ming（1472-1529） , a famous Confucian philosopher, and its implications for contemporary global governance and China＇s soft-power build-up. It aims to provide a more inclusive perception of world order, and calls for a less nationalistic and hegemonic understanding of Confucianism in contemporary China＇s intellectual or ideological projections, which has been used to envision China＇s foreign policies recently. For the political use of the word ＂ harmony＂ today seems similar to instrumentalization of Confucianism in history. I focus on his idea of ＂being one body with the cosmos＂ and its socio-political dimensions of the world as one family, and then bring them into dialogue with the recent Western theorizing of liberal cosmopolitanism -- an idea of world citizenship which bases global governance on a universally rational foundation. I argue that Wang bases his cosmopolitanism upon graded care and a particular sense of sympathy. It is a sort of moral sentiment of embodied oneness and a cosmic psyche in caring for Heaven, earth, and the myriad creatures like caring for one＇s own body. It also accommodates ＂ integral pluralism＂ which urges one to sincerely and properly construe others＇ cultures and traditions without blindly embracing or rejecting them. Such cosmopolitanism is not an abstract love based on human rationality, but an allinclusive care with graded sympathy to others.
