科学或者迷信:清初中国历书之争

清初历书之争是教会内部有关民历铺注是否属于迷信的争议。文章通过梳理相关文献,对历书之争的缘起、过程与结局进行深度分析,并分析其原因与影响。历书之争的核心议题与中国礼仪之争非常相似,争论各方对于祭祀等理解与诠释存在着分歧和差异,但未能达成一致结论,未对后来处理礼仪之争提供了良好借鉴。历书之争是中国礼仪之争的前奏,反映出西方科学在前近代中国传播的困境,也体现出中西文化交流过程中的两难处境。

俄罗斯历法沿革史略

目前世界各国普遍使用的历法类型主要有三种：阴历 、阳历 和阴阳历 它们是分别依据月球绕地球公转和地球绕太阳公转的周期来计...

The History, Ethnology and Social Importance of Mare＇s Milk Consumption in Central Asia

The purpose of this paper is to make available for occidental lecturers a kind of synthesis of the information we accumulated over more than twenty years about horse breeding in Central Asia. It is also a trans-disciplinary approach mostly based on French bibliography and personal experiences. We will give a new perspective on the early time history of horse breeding to introduce the current breeding of horses in herds in Central Asia. We will continue with the description of the diet of the nomads and the central place taken by mare＇s milk in their culture. This induced rituals but also some medical aspects. These latter can now be partly explained with current modem studies. We will finally discuss on the prospects of horse milk products in the new globalised world.

Exploration of Trauma Narrative in The Kite Runner

As the first Afghan novel written in English by Afghan American writer Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner provides reader a window into Afghan history and culture as well as the impact of trauma on individuals Through interweaving progagonist Amir＇s personal trauma from sin to self-salvation with the racial and national conflicts as the collective trauma of the Afghan, Khaled Hosseinni not only foregrounds the coming-of-age theme of sin, guilt, and redemption but also successfully presents the racial conflicts and national pain in Afghanstain. Under the framework of trauma theory and through close reading of the novel, the aim of the present paper is to analyze how trauma is narrated in the novel and thus help readers to have a better understanding about the Afghan history and life

Ecological Transformation of Minority Folk Dance

In the process of folk custom development, ecological transformation is a normal phenomenon.This article will study the minority folk dance ecology transformation based on the perspective of social historical development.The author will discuss the native pattern and variable pattern for the development of the minority folk dance and analyze the positive influence and negative influence on minority dance at this stage. To address the problems in the development, the author puts forward some countermeasures and feasible suggestions for its future development.

Korean New Women： Korean New Women＇s Fluctuation in International and Korean Contexts

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ＂New Woman＂ was an international phenomenon. Although various national contexts contributed many different shades of meaning to the concept of ＂New Woman＂ in each country, New Women across the world shared common ground. In the 1920s, when American New Women experimented with their new identity, New Women in Korea also discovered a new sense of selfhood and confidence to make inroads into public spheres. Under Japan＇s colonial rule （1910-1945）, Korean women, valued as a national hidden reservoir, gained access to education and made attempts to remove traditional constraints. Despite different situations surrounding Korean and American New Women, their recognition, pursuit, and places in history echoed one another＇s. The bold and innovative nature of Korean New Women has attracted much academic as well as public attention. Most of the rich body of scholarship on this topic focuses on famous figures whose flamboyant defiance met a tragic end or on the sacrifices and failures of New Women＇s pursuit in confronting nationalism. The nation is an important and useful framework in history, but additional factors should be considered for a better understanding of New Women. Not only does this paper consider national context, it also pays much needed attention to an international connection in women＇s history.

A Fruitful Venture-Honghe Orient's Russia Experiences

ON the expansive arable land surrounding Lowy Village in Russia’s Jew-ish Autonomous Oblast, two 404 tractors owned by China＇s Honghe Orient Longjian Company are busy spreading corn seed. In a field nearby, Russian farmers listen attentively as their Chinese counterparts divulge the latest potato planting techniques.

Vanguard Parties and Governance in Africa： Dimensions of Battling for States

Since the demise of colonialism as well as the cold war, Africa has battled to put democratic governments in place. The legacies of these two political and historical landscapes have had a hand in shaping and disfiguring the nascent governments that would be born in Africa with vanguard parties not tolerating opposition. In a bid to stay in leading positions, as founding fathers of revolution, incumbent governments have used different tools, some very unorthodox, from brute force, genocides, governments of national unity and violent elections to stay in power and destroy opposition. This paper seeks to trace how Zimbabwe has fared in establishing a democratic government from Lancaster to the 2013 March referendum. Zimbabwe, following a Lancaster House Agreement C1979）, like Kenya （1960）, held elections in 1980, making R. G. Mugabe the first black Prime Minister and C. Banana the President. Some scholars have argued that the 1980 elections have been the only free and fair elections in Zimbabwe＇s history of elections. To measure the level of democracy in Zimbabwe, the paper shall highlight the euphoria at 1980, read through gukurahundi of 1983, the unity accord of 1987, select parliamentary and presidential elections, the fast track land reform of 2002, the 2009 Government of National Unity as well as the 2013 constitution amendment. The study shall largely make use of desktop and interviews of ordinary Zimbabweans, politicians, and students in universities with regards to matters of governance. The paper concludes that post communist governments have struggled to establish democracy.

The Role of the Church in Making a Neighboring Enemy a Loyal Citizen An Example of Pseudo-Indigenization of Fellow Lutherans

In this article the crucial role of the Lutheran Church in Sweden in neighboring Lutheran Danish enemies in the province of Scania into the pseudo-indigenization process of making loyal Swedish citizen after the peace treaty of Roskilde 1658, and more pronounced after 1678, is described and discussed. The process included educational, pedagogical, judicial, liturgical and theological-rhetorical means and had significant, invaluable, and long lasting consequences. The province remains as a part of the Kingdom of Sweden. From a historical perspective, the process was fast and successful, even though some modem historians question the speediness of the process and thereby want to modify the picture of a fast and non-problematic Swedification or pseudo-indigenization process.

The Changing Image of the Ottoman Turks in the Habsburg Monarchy During the 18th Century

The old-aged confrontation between “East” and “West”, between “civilization” and “barbarism”, between “Christianity” and “Islam” came to new heights in the early modern times and found its arena in Central Europe. Since the late 15th century, the Ottoman Turks had been feared as menace, as the most dreadful enemies not only of the inhabitants of the Habsburg ruled countries but of the whole world of Christianity, and the Ottoman Turks did pose a permanent threat to their neighbours in Central Europe. The situation changed around 1700 when the Habsburgs succeeded in integrating the entire Hungarian Kingdom into their empire. From the early 18th century onwards the Ottoman Turks were no longer regarded as fierce fighters but increasingly as neighbours living in an unknown and totally different world and gained more and more curious attention. This change was not only the consequence of the new balance in power politics but mainly a sequel of gaining much more information. Up to the late 17th century the knowledge about the Ottoman Turks was based primarily on what had been reported by ambassadors travelling to Constantinople while in the 18th century people of several strands of life reported about their experiences. After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718 trade agreements between the two states enabled activities of merchants and tradesmen who learned to know things about their eastern neighbours which were totally new to the Middle European contemporaries. Additionally, some elements of this ＂oriental＂ culture were taken over and were to become typical for Central Europe later on. The Turks were curiously observed as strange and fascinating neighbours. In the course of the movement of enlightenment from the middle of the 18th century onwards one aspect of this culture lost much of its dreadfulness： the fact that the Ottoman Turks were infidels. So it did not take very long until Ottomans were seen as being capable of true humanity regardless their religion. In the 19th century the multiethnic state organizations of the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy became outmoded in this age of nationalism. They realized their common interests and started a cooperation which eventually ended up as alliance in theWorld War I. From the point of view of power politics however, the Ottoman Empire was regarded as “sick man at the Bosporus”. In the following the changes of the image are shown as an overview by observing the criteria against the background of the most important historical events. The details of how this process worked are still pretty murky. Further investigations are already on the way and will bring more light into the reasons and the mechanism of this development.

Study on the Policy of Embodying Language Difference between Chinese and Western Culture

For centuries, cross-cultural exchange activities throughout history, language and culture from the communication is an integral part of the contact. For the entire human history, cross-cultural communication is not strange. It plays an important role in studying different languages. Language is the carrier of culture and the main manifestation of culture. Language is developing with the development of a nation, it is an integral part of national culture, history, customs and local customs and practices, the nation＇s culture and social customs are also in the national language to show. The different historical background and development process leads to great difference exists in Western languages. With mutual understanding and deepen, the conflict in western culture are increasing. Language is the primary from of communication. And the use of language and culture are closely related. So ＂differences between Chinese culture and Western culture in English language＂ has become the important topic of intercultural communication.

The Modified Contingent Valuation Method for Evaluating the Willingness of the Citizenry to Participate in Excavation and the Restoration of the Ancient Theatre of Lefkada

This proposed project is not viable in profitable terms to private enterprise, so it applied a modified version of the CVM （Contingent Valuation Method） to realize this project. A survey was conducted in Lefkada Island in Greece, where 200 interviewees took part in order to consider whether they wish to voluntarily participate in the excavation and restoration of the ancient theater of Lefkada. Half of the interviewees were given information on the history of the site and then were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The other half of the interviewees were given no historical information on the archeological site and also were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The interviewees who were not given any information on the history of the site briefed on the history and then were asked to fill out another questionnaire. The purpose was to observe the different responses that the interviewees gave before and after being informed. This study aims to compare the WTP （Willingness To Participate） for this public good among those who were informed and those who were not.

Artistic Characteristics of Folk Music in Northern Shandong

Folk songs as an important part of traditional culture in Shandong, is very important spiritual wealth. In this paper, from terms of development history, classification, local language, melody type, etc. we analyze the artistic characteristics of folk music in northern Shandong.

Comparative Study on Mongolian Version of Alexander Romance and Folktales About Alexander in Persian Language

The origin of Mongolian version of Alexander Romance has long been a confused issue. Nicholas Poppe, Francis Cleaves, and T. Namjil wrote articles about this, and assumed the Mongolian version of Alexander Romance was translated from Central Asian countries, more likely, Persian or Arabic, did not come up with determinate conclusion, though. In this paper, the authors aim at： （1） comparing the Mongolian version of Alexander Romance with the folktales about Alexander the Great in Persian language, which two are supposed to be the nearest; （2） analyzing the story structure （quest for immortality-denying the desire; belief of living forever-the truth of one must die）; and （3） explaining the background of Mongolian version of Alexander Romance, and as a result, arguing that the Mongolian version of Alexander Romance might not be a translated work; instead, it was edited and recreated in Buddhist thinking using the prevailing motif of Alexander＇s quest for immortality.

Inheritance and Development of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Su fan

intangible cultural heritage is an important part of the mankind cultural heritage, which carries the national historical heritage and national identity, and it is the lifeblood of the national culture, it has important cultural value, historical and spiritual values. From the international perspective, heritage and development of intangible cultural heritage has a very important significance for the protection of human cultural diversity.

Great Powers and Albanian National Movement （1878-1914）

The history of the Albanian national movement is closely connected with two key factors： internal development in the Albanian-populated areas in the Balkans as well as politics of the Great Powers. Berlin Congress of 1878 totally neglected interests of the Albanians. Subsequently, Treaty of Berlin became the starting point for creation of the Albanian League of Prizren （1878-1881） as well as future development of the Albanian national movement. Russia as well as other Great Powers played a controversial role in that context.

Postcolonialism Revisited： Representations of the Subaltern in Fadia Faqir＇s Pillars of Salt

Postcolonial theory is a well-established critical approach that addresses issues such as the quest for identity, the significance of land, homelessness, resistance, and the encounter between the colonized and the colonizers. This paper examines the postcolonial elements utilized by the Anglo-Jordanian novelist Fadia Faqir in her novel Pillars of Salt. It discusses the novel＇s themes and techniques associated with postcolonialism as a literary theory and as a critical approach. Being a postcolonial text, the novel shows the writer＇s attempt at writing back in response to the colonial past with its power structures and social hierarchies. Thematically, the novel is analyzed with special reference to such topics as the subaltern, Anglo-Jordanian ties, language, othemess, and identity. The paper also traces the continuity of postcolonial discourse in Faqir＇s novel and gives a short survey of the historical events that provide the background to the main events in this essentially postcolonial work.

The feasibility of the actual combat application of the traditional martial arts techniques in modem combat challenge

The traditional Chinese martial arts are the pride of the Chinese national specialties, but with the development of the western modem combat, some traditional martial arts bias appeared, such as the argument of the real fight of the traditional martial arts. This paper starts from the traditional historical origin, and analyzes the actual combat possibility of traditional martial arts to study the feasibility of the actual combat application of the traditional martial arts techniques in modem combat challenge.

Korean Picture Brides in Hawaii： Historical and Literary Narratives

Korean ＂picture brides＂ who migrated to Hawaii a century ago are reborn in stories through literary works produced in 21 st-century Korea and the USA. The literary value of picture bride stories is an important starting point for raising awareness of the reality of Korean migration to the US a century ago and for understanding the status of the 20th-century Korean diaspora beyond national borders and cultural boundaries. This study aimed to investigate the historical background of picture brides in Hawaii in the early 20th century so as to research that the life of Korean picture brides was much harder than those of other Asian picture brides. The stories of picture brides, gleaned from various oral narratives, news articles, poems, plays, and novels, not only represent in great detail the patriarchal and nationalistic discourse prevalent in the period in the US on Korean and Asian picture brides, but also provide important details on these women＇s daily living, independent efforts to make new lives in Hawaii, and the transboundary hybrid culture that emerged as a result. The comparative-literary approach of the study also captures the value of the transnationalist thread in the literary works under study.

A Historical Review

A Concise History Reader of the People’s Republic of China is a condensed compilation by the Institute of Contemporary China Studies over 20years from a multivolume collection.It is the fi rst monumental work recording the development history of the PRC.