现代性与儿童问题:民国儿童电影观念的产生、流衍和意义

在早期中国电影发展历程,有意识地聆听、观察与表现儿童,或是将创作集中到儿童电影的方式,具有深刻的历史性。“五四”时期,儿童的“发现”掀起了社会各界有关儿童问题的讨论,“儿童本位”电影观由此应运而生。然而,贫弱交加的晚近中国面临着拯救民族国家的现代性使命,“儿童本位”观在转型期多重社会诉求中,与政治话语产生碰撞、融合,最终让渡于体制性话语的现实需求,演绎着儿童由“新人”到“新国民”的时代叙事与深刻的现实书写。儿童电影在“国家本位”等体制性话语推动下呈显流衍、发展及其意义。就目的而论,由于儿童作为独特的知觉主体,儿童电影的发展未必就显得虚有其表,不能起到以此提高儿童关注、改善儿童生存现状及社会地位的作用,也即儿童的问题从本质上说是一个现代问题,儿童电影本位的开放书写,如何成为体制化的现代性的一个核心组成部分,都备受关注与重视。

“儿童本位”视阈下民国儿童连体服设计解析

"儿童本位"是民国知识精英针对幼童培育变革提出的重要学理思潮,对幼童衣饰设计具有重要指导意义。本文以江南大学民间服饰传习馆等藏69件(套)民国儿童连体服实物为样本,通过实物测绘及数据分析,结合文献记载及传世照片,从构造改良、领襟优化、穿脱方式等方面解析民国儿童连体服设计对"儿童本位"的实践,为当下儿童服饰尚存成人化现象提供参借。

民国《儿童年鉴》的内容、特点及其启示

民国《儿童年鉴》在1937年抗日战争全面爆发时出版,是民国时期我国针对儿童群体编辑出版的百科年鉴。该年鉴对西方年鉴体例有较多借鉴,并结合当时教育现代化变革和战争迫近等特殊社会环境以及小读者的需求,进行了内容、体例的本土化调整与个性化设置。分析该年鉴的内容和特点,对当前发挥年鉴的社会价值、推动年鉴产品多样化、促进年鉴基础理论研究具有一定启示。

Evolution of the Immune Status in Children Infected with HIV/AIDS on Antiretroviral Treatment in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

The objective was to describe the immunological status among children infected with HIV （human immunodeficiency virus） at baseline and their change during the treatment. This longitudinal study conducted at the Center of Excellence in Lubumbashi from 2nd semester, 2011 to the 2nd semester, 2012, examined the records of children who had been receiving antiretroviral therapy for 48 weeks. A count of CD4 ＋ T lymphocytes was performed at the beginning, 24 weeks, and 48 weeks of treatment. The immunological status was defined by the 1996 CDC （centers for disease control） immunological categories. All the children were on zidovudine, lamivudine/nevirapine or Efavirens. At initiation of treatment, severe immunosuppression was found in 56%, moderative in 28% and lacked in 16% of cases. Furthermore, after 48 weeks of treatment, a change in the immunological status was observed in 42% of cases. In contrast, 58% of cases kept in their original status. In this cohort, the immune status has not undergone significant change.