明末湟水流域屯田民地化与社会转型

洪武十五年,湟水流域开始实施卫所屯田。由此,掀起汉族迁入高潮。至明中叶,湟水流域汉族屯田进入发展高峰期,呈现经济繁荣,社会、文化中兴景象。但由于屯政自身存在的弊端及管理过程中的诸多原因,和全国其他地区卫所屯田一样,湟水流域屯田出现了衰落迹象。针对屯政衰败,明政府采取确定地权、招种抛荒土地、租佃、典卖、统一屯科、田科则税等方法加以治理。这些措施的施行一定程度上恢复了湟水流域的卫所屯田和农业经济,但客观上造成了屯田民地化、屯卒平民化的结果,开启了明末湟水流域汉族社会由军事性屯堡社会向传统型乡土社会转型的序幕。

清代贵州屯田的民地化述论

屯田是清政府解决贵州战时财政问题和战后社会稳定的重要措施,有清一代在贵州开垦了大量屯田。同时,随着贵州社会的稳定以及封建地主经济发展,屯田不断民地化,导致屯田制的衰落和最终被取缔。

Land-use Change and Socio-economic Driving Forces of Rural Settlement in China from 1996 to 2005

While urbanization has accelerated, the rural population in China has started decreasing in recent years. However, the expansion of rural settlement has not been sufficiently curbed. The questions of why this has happened and who has driven the land-use change(LUC) of rural settlement in China have aroused great interests among researchers. In this paper, it is suggested that population is not always a positive driving force for the LUC of rural settlement in China. Furthermore, socio-economic driving forces other than urbanization, population and industrialization are analyzed. On a national scale, the major driving forces are the per-capita rural housing area and the cultivated land area. On a regional scale, the main driving forces in the eastern China are the house-building capacity of rural households and the per-capita rural housing area; while in the central China, the main driving forces are rural housing investment, the proportion of primary industry employees in the rural working population, and the cultivated land area. For the western China, the main driving forces are rural register population and cultivated land area.

Relationship between the development of ethnic tourism and the protection for regional culture:a case study of Tuwa people

The innocent Tuwa people live in Kanas Lake, a world famous national reserve in northern Xinjiang. With therapid development of tourism today, Tuwa people are finally involved in tourism industry. The development of tourismis a two-edged sword. On the one hand, it boosts the revival of Tuwa culture, provides a large number of employmentopportunities and cross-cultural exchanges, and improves material welfare for Tuwa people. On the other hand, somedisadvantages have also resulted from tourism development, such as the unauthentic exhibition of Tuwa culture, limitedtourists, Tuwa group interaction, and limited material improvement for the Tuwa, etc. This paper takes Tuwa people asa case, illustrates the types, characteristics and the conditions for the development of Tuwa culture, explores the advan-tages and disadvantages resulting from the development of folk-custom tourism industry and then puts forwardsrecommendations on the protection for local cultures as follows: (1) attach great importance to Tuwa culture in thetourism development of Kanas Lake Visitor Attraction; (2) construct the aboriginal village with the consciousness ofprotection; (3) remove the Tuwa village; (4) consummate the management mode and let Tuwa people really benefit fromtourism; (5) restrict the grazing in the scenic spots and protect natural grassland; (6) promote Tuwa people’s ability ofself-supervision and self-management; (7) exhibit Tuwa culture authentically.

New Technologies Democratize TV Programs： NosOtros and the Citizen Participation of a Glocal Content

This paper will present a television program based on glocal （global ＋ local） culture and sustainability concepts, such as local production, social support and cultural diversity, done with virtual and social networks. The result is NosOtros1. Its name is a play of words between Nos-we in Portuguese and Otros--other in Spanish. The purpose is to practice a journalistic and cultural production process which would understand local specificities and global themes. NosOtros used professional networks in journalism to compose a cultural, democratic, and balanced program, understood and accepted across all of Latin America. NrsOtros was recorded in four countries in 2007, co-produced by local journalists, using professional networks and new media technologies such as Voice over Internet Protocol （VolP） and peer-to-peer programs.

On the Three Themes of Heart of Darkness

Heart of Darkness is one of the masterpieces of Joseph Conrad （1857-1924）, which shows the author＇s great humanity and his unreserved horror at the crimes committed by the colonists and imperialists all over the world. This thesis tries to analyze its three themes： the Colonists＇ material essence, the dark side of human nature, and the disillusionment of civilization. Kurtz, the main character in the novel, is characterized by his greed for material gain and power. The dark side of human nature is reflected in Kurtz＇s cruel behavior towards the natives, his sense of superiority to the marginalized, and his dominance in discourse over the colonial people. Along with the colonists＇ crazy behaviors, there is disillusion with the modem civilization.

Discussion of Subjects on Guangdong＇s Foshan Paper-cutting

Guangdong＇ s Foshan paper-cutting art is significantly related with the local folk culture and religion, with unique craflwork as well as rich subjects. In the present paper, the characteristics of subjects was analyzed in detail based on the relationship between Foshan papercutting and local folk religion, folk activities and folk cultural activities. It is suggested that subjects of Foshan paper-cutting is strongly affected by the coast and regional culture as well as widely affected by the coastal culture especially foreign culture. Foshan paper-cutting is the typical example for studying folk custom life of Lingnan area because of the rich subjects.

The Feminist Movement in the Moroccan Spring： Roles, Specificity, and Gains

The Moroccan Spring in 2011 has been a golden opportunity for Moroccan women to put their country on the democratization track. Their decision to take an integral part in all aspects of the uprisings stems from their belief that their participation and contribution are necessary for any potential democratic changes that would undoubtedly secure and bring them more rights. However, the appointment of only one female minister in the first Islamist-led government and the reluctance to implement the provisions of the new constitution, namely the issue of gender parity, are but two of the new alarming examples that have disappointed Moroccan women. Based on interviews with women＇s movement organizations＇ leaders and 20 February Movement （20-FMVT） female activists and through following the development of the Arab Spring in Morocco in particular and in the Middle Eastern ＆ Northern Africa region in general, this paper considers the different roles, specificity, and gains of Moroccan women during and after the so-called Moroccan Spring. The paper argues that despite their limited gains in the aftermath of this momentum, Moroccan women managed once again to prove their agency and ability to change laws and instigate reforms.

Path of public cultural service system construction of Ethnic Frontier Regions

The border areas of public culture construction, as an important part ot socialist CUlture construction, to promote me national culture, national spirit and the spirit of the times, the rich cultural life of the people of all ethnic groups, to promote national unity and safeguard national unity, strengthen cohesion of the Chinese nation, cohesion and creativity, play an irreplaceable role. To this end, exploring the path of public cultural service system construction of Ethnic Frontier Regions, play an important role in stabilizing cultural security of Ethnic Frontier Regions and enhancing national cultural soft power.

Changes in Agricultural System as Farmers Adapt to Economic-Social and Climatic Changes in the Min Upriver Rural Areas in Western Sichuan,Southwestern China

Rapid economic growth in China has brought about great economic-social changes in rural areas, having considerable impact on the society in economy and environment. With a per capita possession of about 0.08 ha of cropland, Chinese farmers in rural areas adopt various ways in response to these changes in a bit to maintain their livelihood, wherein the agricultural system is facing one more options possible. To understand how rural communities have used different mechanisms to adapt to the economic and natural changes, we joined a survey in dry valleys of the Min upriver area under Maoxian county of western Sichuan province, southwestern China and visited the local people. Changes in the main crop cultivation have shown up an important means to keep up their household income. Farm households start seeking economic growth through diversified cultivating of cereal and economic crops in five lines, namely cereal, apple monoculture, apple and vegetables, plum and vegetables, mixed fruits and vegetables. These new lines mirror farmers' flexibility to cope with today's economic-social and climatic changes. The farming operation has changed all the more from a subsistence on grain to special agricultural products. Economic reforms in the early 1980 s motivated theprogress first in conversion of production from grain to fruits, and the desire to increase family income turned out to be an impetus for the subsequent events. At present, more farmers moving out of the rural areas, uneasy availability of labor force, increased opportunity cost of labors and their wages, increased farm size, and the urgent demand for the agricultural labor force, all these combine into the trend of the agricultural system of China on facing further economic-social reforms and reconstruction of the countryside across China.

A Great Citizen Is Still ＂Under-Construction＂： The Conflicting Self-Identity in Sayonara 1945

Sayonara 1945, performed by Golden Bough Theatre in 2010 in Taipei, was claimed to be a ＂Heart Taiwan Magical Musical＂. This ＂Heart Taiwan Magical Musical＂ is actually an adaptation ofTaiwan Residents Opela, a reformed and adapted style of Taiwan Residents local opera （gezaixi）, which has been strongly influenced by Japanese Colonization. Sayanara 1945 fictionalizes a troop of Taiwan Residents youths who join the Imperial Army being lied and cheated to dig gold for the Japanese Emperor after the war is over. This play gives a conflicting scenario of being Taiwan Residents in 1945, while everything that defined Taiwan Residents suddenly turned out to be treason to the country. By adapting the form of Opela, the play structurally presents a society where diverse and plural cultural elements counteract each other in Taiwan. Furthermore, as the title suggests, the play says Sayonara （＂Goodbye＂ in Japanese） to 1945, yet the confusion and conflict generated in 1945 still haunt Taiwan Residents society. In other words, the play responds to an on-going self-conflict of being Taiwan Residents that still continues even after the war and unto the present symbolically. Presented in the year before ＂the Republic of China＂ celebrated her hundredth birthday, this play portrays the anxiety about who the Taiwan Residents really are over the island, just like in the summer of 1945 when everything was also uncertain and confusing. This paper intends to discuss, by adopting the form and techniques of Opela, how this reformed Opela speaks for Taiwan Residents local arts and culture, and how the Taiwan Residents identity is framed and shaped ever since the colonization era.

Practice of＂Russification＂ in the Late Imperial Russia： The Case of the Central Caucasus

The problem of relationships between the center and outlying regions of the Russian Empire had always particular acuteness. Both historically determined ethno-cultural and socio-political mosaicity of Russia and nature of the Russian state defined priorities of its national policy, aimed at preserving unity and integrity of the country. An ideological basis for forming the imperial universe was the idea of ＂Russification＂. The fulfillment of the ＂Russification＂ policy in the North Caucasus was to a large extent bound up with an administrative practice, aimed at rearrangement of the local social structures and standardization of the variety of local organizational forms of management. One of the elements of ＂Russification＂ was also colonization, so far as the Russian settlers not only changed the regional socio-demographic background, but brought with them a certain ＂imperial complex＂. Patterns of positive motivation for ＂Russification＂ among local population are found in the field of education, which gave for the mountaineers an opportunity to successful integration into another civilization. However, the processes of imperial unification were fraught with a high conflict potential. The meeting of indigenous social structures with the Russian statehood was inevitably accompanied with the break-up of the whole system of established traditional relations and social roles.

Sino-Western Regional Differences and Translation

Cultuare difference always exists in many aspects. Due to the national characters, regionalism, and times, translation can not be in a position when we try to translate without considering the language culture. Cultural difference between English and Chinese, determines the different features between English and Chinese.

Research on the Reemployment of Landless Community Farmers

The construction of urbanization has caused more and more farmers to lose their land resources and become community farmers. However, due to the low quality of their own quality and the widespread structural unemployment, farmers in the community after losing land have low employment rates, which causes farmers to become unemployed again. As community farmers live in buildings, their daily expenses are higher than they were before. How can they sustain their livelihood problems when they lose their land and become unemployed？ How to protect their own right to live and achieve reemployment？ Therefore, this paper mainly analyzes the status of the reemployment of the farmers who lost their land, then discusses the solution to the existing problems. The purpose of doing so is to find the right way to promote their reemployment by finding the difficulties in the process of reemployment of farmers in the landless community.

The Breeding Status of the Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus in the Lebna Dam in Cap Bon, Tunisia

The study of the reproduction of the Glossy Ibis （Plegadisfalcinellus） in Tunisia was undertaken from 2008 to 2010. Until the discovery of nesting in 2008, this species had only been considered as wintering in Tunisia. The Tunisian breeding population resides in the Lebna Dam in the north east of the country where it forms a mixed nesting colony with other species of the family Ardeidae （（Bubulcus ibis （Bi）： 388 pairs, Ardeola ralloides （Ar）： 17 pairs, Egretta garzetta （Eg）： 27 pairs）, （Bi： 300 pairs, At： 25 pairs, Eg： 40 pairs） and （Bi： 400 pairs, Ar： 30 pairs, Eg： 10 pairs） recorded in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively）. All nests were constructed on Acacia horrida. Laying began in early May. The average clutch size over the three years of the study was 3.44 ± 0.73 eggs （N = 29 nests）. Hatching success was 83 % （2.86 ± 1.18 eggs hatched/nest） and 2.65 ± 1.17 hatchlings/nest survived until the age of 10 to 12 days. Egg mortality was 17% during the incubation phase and chick mortality was 7.2%. No interannual variation was detected in these parameters.

Study on a Heritage Town in the Northern Badia of JordanmAI Aqeb

This field study in AI aqeb town and its surroundings is a result of joint research between two scientific fields： anthropology and architecture, where the researchers interested in the local community in terms of social, stability method, patterns of production and its transformations, as well as in physical culture for population in traditional, heritage and modern housing, and the reason to choose AI aqeb is to test the stability of the nature of pastoral groups in A1 aqeb basin and valley which are available on pastures and water sources and the remains of ancient centers of human settlement which provides building materials to create traditional dwellings made up of basalt stones and mud where the researcher use the field surveys methodology in the target area through field trips and description of heritage sites and architectural field studies methodology in terms of description, analysis and measuring and drawing. And study populations and pastoral aspects, features of the surface and material evidence. The Bedouin human interacts with its environment depending on its own style in simple techniques to meet his basic needs of physical, cultural and the need for shelter and housing.

Play the role of the university libraries in the research and heritage of the local cultural protection

The libraries, especially the university libraries, are the important gathering places of the human cultural knowledge and the inheritance, which usually house some important and rare historical literature books and materials. Especially the local university libraries in the minority agglomeration regions collect the cultural resources with the local ethnic characteristics, so the local university libraries should have the better geographical advantages and the advantages of the subject resources to give full play to the unique functions and values to study and inherit the local cultural protection.

The Impact of Cultural and Creative Products Arising from Intangible Cultural Heritage on Economic Development:A Case Study of Ebian County,China

With the promotion of the rural revitalization strategy,cultural and creative industries of tourism have gradually become an important driving force for rural revitalization.Since the economic level of minority areas is low and the concept of industrial development lags behind,developing the cultural and creative industries of tourism has a positive role in cultural revitalization and economic structure transformation.In recent years,Ebian Yi Autonomous County(Ebian County)has relied on rich intangible cultural heritage resources and achieved fruitful results in the development of cultural and creative products of rural tourism,adding vitality to its rural tourism and rural revitalization.Starting from the economy and the development of cultural and creative industries empowered by intangible cultural heritage(ICH),this study analyzed the impact of related cultural and creative products of Ebian County on its economic development in the five-year period from 2018 to 2022 by means of qualitative and quantitative research methods.Three main conclusions could be drawn.(1)The impact of intangible cultural heritage cultural and creative industries of Ebian County on the economy has been positive and expanding gradually with time.(2)The number of inheritors and workshops,and the business income of workshops are the three major factors affecting the development of cultural and creative industries.(3)Ebian already has a good foundation of cultural and creative industries of intangible cultural heritage,so the investment of funds and training of talents have played a major role in promoting the development of cultural and creative industries of intangible cultural heritage.

Fundamental Strategic Shift Required by the Expensive Ecological Policy in Chinese Grasslands

Grasslands have critically important ecological and economic values while most of them have been suffering from various degrees of degradation in China due to overgrazing. The “Forage-Livestock Balance”(FLB)policy has been implemented for more than a decade, aims to balance the relationship between forage productivity and grazing consumption of grasslands by livestock. According to the review of statistical data and literatures on policy evaluation, FLB-dominated subsidies for grassland ecological conservation policies are ineffective on grassland restoration, livestock reduction in some overloaded areas and improvement on herdsmen livelihood. To deal with the dilemma, we suggest a fundamental shift of strategy from controlling livestock numbers to maintaining and improving grassland health(MIGH) based on ecological theories, and promote the sustainable development of grassland in China. The results show that, FLB policy failed to obtain expected benefits mainly because it interfered with the herders’ autonomous use of contracted grasslands along with the defects of its underlying theory and methodologies. Implementing reward and punishment based on ecosystem health will not only motivate herders to manage their grassland autonomously, but also be more scientific and feasible than FLB.

Consumption Structure of Migrant Worker Families in China

This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families＇urban and rural consumption. The results show that the structure of migrant worker families＇ consumption has been dominated by survival consumption. These families tend to live frugally in cities while engaging in conspicuous consumption in their rural hometowns. The structure of migrant worker families＇consumption is mainly shaped by their income stability and wealth levels rather than their current income level. Moreover, migrant worker families with high educational levels and those who intend to settle permanently in cities are likely to allocate substantial expenditure to status and hedonic consumption and to upgrade their urban consumption structure.