In 1996, Congress enacted Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 （IIRIRA）. Actually, it was a conservative legislation. It not only tightened border control but also strictly limited the...In 1996, Congress enacted Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 （IIRIRA）. Actually, it was a conservative legislation. It not only tightened border control but also strictly limited the public benefits about illegal immigration. Why Congress enacted serious immigration legislation in the 1990s？ Generally speaking, economic factor and politics played an important role in it. In derails, several reasons can account for its conservatism： （1） The first reason is that the increase number of illegal immigration led to the high cost of state governments, many state governments complained it; （2） The second reason is the influence of 187 Act which deported illegal immigration in primary and high school and it produced chain effect for other states; （3） The third reason is political election, including Congress election and president campaign. 187 Act greatly influenced GOP （Grand Old Party） and Congress, which was controlled by GOP, tended to take serious measures to contain illegal immigrants. Did IIRRA work？ In fact, it did not control illegal immigration. After 1990s, more and more illegal immigration entered into America and U.S, has become the nation with the most illegal immigrants in the world. Therefore, Congress should consider comprehensive immigration reform.展开更多
This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers＇ income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of t...This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers＇ income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of the reform did not lead to a corresponding decrease in local fiscal revenues. At the same time, farmers＇ income slightly decreased. In the second 5 years of the reform, the tax rate was reduced to zero. This time, local fiscal revenues decreased linearly with the tax cuts, and farmers＇ income increased by 17.8 %. The link between the actual fiscal revenue reduction and farmers＇ income suggests that merely changing the nominal level of taxation does not necessarily increase farmers＇ income. Rather, the complete implementation of the reform relates crucially to curbing local governments＇ unauthorized extractions.展开更多
Globalization accelerates the speed of migration in the world and challenges the traditional citizenship based on nation-state. Similarly, China has been undergoing a huge movement of domestic migration, more than 200...Globalization accelerates the speed of migration in the world and challenges the traditional citizenship based on nation-state. Similarly, China has been undergoing a huge movement of domestic migration, more than 200 million farmers moving into cities and towns from the countryside, under the impact of modernization and globalization; this creates a great challenge to its traditional citizenship. The paper includes five parts and will： 1 ） give an overview of the whole process of this huge migration since the Reform and Opening Up at the end of the 1970s ; 2 ） analyze the internal and international dynamics of migration and particularly its great challenges to citizens＇ civil rights, obhgation, and identity; 3 ） illustrate Chinese policies dealing with the new large migration; 4, ） assess the essential changes in citizenship from this migration; and 5 ） find its meaning and consequence in terms of political philosophy.展开更多
文摘In 1996, Congress enacted Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 （IIRIRA）. Actually, it was a conservative legislation. It not only tightened border control but also strictly limited the public benefits about illegal immigration. Why Congress enacted serious immigration legislation in the 1990s？ Generally speaking, economic factor and politics played an important role in it. In derails, several reasons can account for its conservatism： （1） The first reason is that the increase number of illegal immigration led to the high cost of state governments, many state governments complained it; （2） The second reason is the influence of 187 Act which deported illegal immigration in primary and high school and it produced chain effect for other states; （3） The third reason is political election, including Congress election and president campaign. 187 Act greatly influenced GOP （Grand Old Party） and Congress, which was controlled by GOP, tended to take serious measures to contain illegal immigrants. Did IIRRA work？ In fact, it did not control illegal immigration. After 1990s, more and more illegal immigration entered into America and U.S, has become the nation with the most illegal immigrants in the world. Therefore, Congress should consider comprehensive immigration reform.
文摘This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers＇ income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of the reform did not lead to a corresponding decrease in local fiscal revenues. At the same time, farmers＇ income slightly decreased. In the second 5 years of the reform, the tax rate was reduced to zero. This time, local fiscal revenues decreased linearly with the tax cuts, and farmers＇ income increased by 17.8 %. The link between the actual fiscal revenue reduction and farmers＇ income suggests that merely changing the nominal level of taxation does not necessarily increase farmers＇ income. Rather, the complete implementation of the reform relates crucially to curbing local governments＇ unauthorized extractions.
文摘Globalization accelerates the speed of migration in the world and challenges the traditional citizenship based on nation-state. Similarly, China has been undergoing a huge movement of domestic migration, more than 200 million farmers moving into cities and towns from the countryside, under the impact of modernization and globalization; this creates a great challenge to its traditional citizenship. The paper includes five parts and will： 1 ） give an overview of the whole process of this huge migration since the Reform and Opening Up at the end of the 1970s ; 2 ） analyze the internal and international dynamics of migration and particularly its great challenges to citizens＇ civil rights, obhgation, and identity; 3 ） illustrate Chinese policies dealing with the new large migration; 4, ） assess the essential changes in citizenship from this migration; and 5 ） find its meaning and consequence in terms of political philosophy.
