民族,国族和Nation:安德森Nationalism理论的误译问题

安德森写的《想象的共同体》,早已成为nationalism理论经典,受到了台湾和大陆学界的热捧。但是na-tion一词翻译大有问题,原本nation涵盖了中文"民族","国族"两重意义,单纯译为"民族"不妥。从分析这一误译出发,作者指出《想象的共同体》一书的论述逻辑有将欧洲历史经验泛化的嫌疑,nationalism论述包含语音中心主义不适于中国语言文化,nationalism中的宗教因素和殖民地流动因素在中国历史文化并不适用。

Community Tourism as Practiced in the Mountainous Qiang Region of Sichuan Province,China-a Case Study in Zhenghe Village

In China, community tourism is still a relatively new phenomenon, but the villagers of a small Qiang village in the Qiang Autonomous County of Beichuan in Southwestern Sichuan have initiated tourism in a way which conforms to the basic theory of community tourism development. This demonstrates that community tourism possesses a strength and vitality that can promote the development of tourism in the rural and mountainous areas. In the district of Zhenghe Village, the tourism industry, based on the community tourism model, is the mainstay of its economy. The practice of community tourism in the village not only promotes the economic development of the village community, but also leads to the protection of the mountainous natural environment and of the culture of the Qiang people. This paper investigates the development process of community tourism in Zhenghe and shows how the local residents participate in this process. It also looks at how profits have been distributed within the community. It demonstrates that community tourism is a correct choice by the Zhenghe people as they have dearly been moving from poverty to prosperity, while the local ecology and environment have been simultaneously protected. The authors hope that other minority villages with similar local conditions and natural resources will be able to use this example to develop their own community tourism.

Chinese-to-English Translation of Publicity on Chinese Minority Culture： Discourse Ideology and Translation Strategies

Discourse ideology refers to the position, attitude and guideline employed by a writer or speaker constructing a discourse in relation to the readers/hearers. This paper defines the notion of discourse ideology in the practice of translation, highlights the relationship between discourse ideology and the translator＇s subjectivity, and illustrates the translation strategies appropriate to the context of publicity of Chinese minority culture to the readers outside China. A tentative conclusion is drawn that the top-down approach from discourse ideology to translation strategies and the bottom-up approach from translation strategies to discourse ideology complement with each other in the Chinese-to-English translation of publicity on Chinese minority culture.

Melanocortin-1 receptor gene variants in four Chinese ethnic populations

There is strong relationship between melanocortin-1 receptor (MCIR) gene variants and human hair color and skin type. Based on a sequencing study of MC1R gene in 50 individuals from the Uygur, Tibetan, Wa and Dai ethnic populations, we discuss the occurrence of 7 mc1r variants consisting of 5 nonsynonymous sites (Val60Leu, Arg67Gln, Val92Met, Arg163Gln and Ala299Val) and 2 synonymous sites (C414T and A942G), among which C414T and Ala299Val were reported for the first time. Confirmation and analysis were the made of 122 individuals at three common point mutations (Val92Met, Arg163Gln, A942G) using PCR-SSCP. The frequency of Arg163Gln variant varies in the four ethnic populations, with percentage of 40%, 85.0%, 66. 2% and 72.7%, respectively, while those of Val92Met and A942G are roughly similar in these four populations. The different environments, migration and admixture of various ethnic groups in China might have impact on the observed frequency of Arg163Gln.

Backed-up or Bound： Youths in US Chinatowns in Ethnic Literature and in Reality

Targeting the youth group of the American Chinatowns, this paper attempts to explore the continuous interactions of the people and the community on each other. As a result of combined impact of the immigration history of Chinese Americans and the unfolding political and economical reality, a complicated relationship has developed between the growing Chinese immigrants and the Chinatown where they happen to inhabit and influence. Literature and history have captured the interesting development in their specific perspectives and paradigms, between whom the comparison is creatively presented. The great process of modern urbanization of American cities since the 1950s is given serious highlight in shaping the small community as well as the large one. The authors invite further argument on whether the youths are cushioned or bound by the traditional physical and cultural environment, or they bring change to the community in return at the end of the paper. It is suggested that they mature into a beautiful compromise and pride on creating the immigrant legacy characteristic of the great country.

The Experience of Model Minority for High- and Low-Income Asian American Students

The author examines the differentiation of self-identity, school treatment, and academic struggle between two Asian American students in U.S. Midwest urban school environments. Using an interview study, the author focuses on understanding the students＇ perspectives in relation to the label of model minority. The purpose of the study is to investigate how social, academic, and economic factors affect these students, including different outcomes in terms of school achievement and self-identity formation. The findings aim to help urban educators approach complex factors regarding minority students＇ educational opportunities. Comprehensive results identified that： （1） The concept of model minority significantly affects Asian American students at all levels of daily life; （2） Urban schools continue reinforcing social reproduction and producing perceptions based on socioeconomic background and intersectional discrimination; （3） The evidence in the study shows that school environments do not aid students in valuing their cultural capital; （4） Students from different social classes present different linguistic and behavioral patterns; and （5） Social stratification significantly influences students＇ perspectives in response to the Asian stereotype, self-identity, and racial hierarchy in school and society.

Packaging design under Traditional Cultural Perspective --cultural wedding gifts in China

Chinese traditional culture is a valuable asset, and we must continue to inherit and carry forward the fine traditional culture of the Chinese nation. This paper discusses the impact of packaging design in aspects of colors, graphics, materials, one by one. Color is the most direct visual language, giving a deep impression. The use of traditional patterns can reflect the national spirit and national culture. People can also generate intimacy, affecting the consumer＇ s desire to purchase. The national characteristic of the goods has a strong aesthetic characteristic, can reflect national pride. Traditional culture input a lot of fresh blood into China＇ s packaging design, with the combination of modem packaging. China＇ s Marriage is formed in a long historical and cultural heritage of the Chinese nation; its source can be traced back several hundred thousand years ago. But the wedding industry rises in recent decades, with the rapid social development of new era, commercial activities have become increasingly frequent, wedding gift packaging design requirements have been increased from the basic material needs to spiritual needs. I think if the wedding gift wrapping design wants to be competitive on the market; it needs to create a new personal design philosophy.

Multi-Ethnic Residential Segregation in Urumqi, China, 1982-2010

The ethnic landscape of Urumqi has undergone significant changes since the 1980s, which has fostered greater ethnic diversity. However, little is known about the changing patterns of spatial segregation among ethnic groups. By using the Urumqi census data from 1982 to 2010, this study examines the level of residential segregation of Uighur from Hart and the level of residential segregation of Kazak, Hui, Mongolia and other ethnic minority groups from the majority Han and Uygur population by the indices of dissimilarity and exposure. Then it assesses a regression between residential segregation and the percentage of the ethnic groups. Finally, it finds out whether there exists a regression between residential segregation and the percentage of the ethnic groups. The result reveals that Kazak population is the most segregated group from Han and Uygur, although the level of segregation has declined from 1982 to 2010. Uighur people experienced lower level of segregation from Han between 1982 and 2000, but has gradually increased, particularly from 2000 to 2010; this unexpected change of the segregation for Uighur group might be associated with 7.5 Events. The findings of the study show that the growth of the Han population is negatively associated with segregation of the ethnic groups in a district, and that the association between the percentage of population and segregation was uniform for Uighur, Hui and Kazak： the higher percentage of an ethnic group in a district, the lower level of segregation.

Study on the Development and Protection of the Historical Figures Resources in China＇s Guangxi Border Areas -- Mrs. WA Cultural Resource Is Taken for Example

Guangxi is in the southwest border of China, and Guilin landscape and ethnic customs as the two ＂trump cards＂ have been widely utilized in the communication between Guaaagxi and the outside world. In fact, Guangxi owns many cultural resources such as humanity history, characteristic diet, and local operas to be further promoted, among which historical figures resources are especially abundant. However, the development and protection of the historical figures resources are inconsistent with the current economic and social development, and feature obviously certain hysteresis. In this paper, by taking Mrs. WA who was a heroine of the Zhuang nationality to resist foreign invasions in the Ming Dynasty, the necessary development road of the historical figures resources is explored based on analyzing the current development and protection of the historical figures resources in China＇ s Guangxi border areas, and then innovative concepts and new ideas are proposed with great efforts.

Frontier Research in Hand, National Demands in Mind——An Interview with XIONG Ke, Director of the State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures-

·Prof.XIONG,could you please give us a brief introduction to SKLMCMS？Director XIONG Ke：The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures（SKLMCMS）was established with the approval of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China in October 2011.The laboratory is located at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics（NUAA）.

由情入理:1958年牛文、李焕民藏族题材版画创作的叙事路径与图史想象

1958-1960年期间,身处西南重庆的牛文和李焕民在祖国边疆的广阔天地中深扎民族沃土,探索出一条“由情入理”的描绘藏区社会风貌的叙事路径。他们通过藏区之行的见闻与记忆来把握作品的内容与情感,记录、挖掘、提炼、再现了一个包含抒情性、纪念性和想象性的情动瞬间,既拓展了版画艺术的形式语言,也生成了为中华民族大家庭所共感、共享的边疆视觉与“民族-国家”的图史想象。

“中国民族”“中华民族”在党的百年文献中使用频度变迁管窥——以党的重要文献选编为主要考察文本

观察和思考不同时期党的重要历史文献中“中国民族”“中华民族”两词使用频度的变化,可透视中国共产党从参与中国民族民主革命,领导并取得新民主主义革命胜利,到构建统一的多民族中国的历史进程中,“中华民族”一词成为党凝聚各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的核心词语的过程。曾与之同义并用的“中国民族”则不再是独立能指的词语。词语使用变迁过程从一个侧面反映着中国共产党坚持民族平等、团结原则,创新中华民族共同体建设新途径和新境界的百年奋斗过程。

A Question of Identities： Jewish Italian Immigrants in New York During and After War World II

There are many studies on Italian and Jewish immigration in the United States, mainly based on socio-demographic statistics, the theme of exile, Fascist anti-Semitism or ethnic conflicts. Many of these researches focus primarily on Jewish or Italians, but rarely address at Italian Jews as a whole, and, in their relation with Italian American and Jews. One of the reasons of this paucity of studies, might be the little number of Italian Jews who immigrated to the United States, especially in New York in the 1930s and 1940s, that drove several scholars not to pay really attention to this tiny group in ignoring their presence. Thus, this article aims to investigate through some memoirs, interviews and autobiographies the life of Italian Jews who were living in New York and the Metropolitan area during and after War World II, with particular emphasis to those who were born there in these years and their formation of an American identity. This essay will also clarify an Italian Jewish identity--which made Italian the role of memory and ＂nostalgia＂ in an Italian identity--above all Jews a unique group and a minority within a minority.

Livelihood changes and evolution of upland ethnic communities driven by tourism:a case study in Guizhou Province,southwest China

As an effective livelihood approach to alleviate poverty without rural population migration, ethnic tourism has become the primary choice of economic development in ethnic areas worldwide in addition to traditional livelihood approaches. This article applies the theories of livelihood to study the community evolution driven by tourism livelihood and examine three mountainous tourism communities in different stages of tourist area life cycle. Drawing on the methods of GIS spatial analysis, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, this article proposes a sustainable livelihood framework for ethnic tourism to explore the evolution of ethnic tourism communities by identifying changes in livelihood assets(natural, financial, social, cultural and human capitals) in the process of tourism development. The results show that the development of ethnic tourism has led to changes in the increase of building land, and the diversification of land use functions with a trend of shifting from meeting local villagers' living needs to satisfying tourists, income composition and uneven distribution of tourism income spatially. Ethnic tourism also led to the deterioration of traditional social management structure, collapse of neighboring relationship, the over- commercialization and staged authenticity of ethnic culture, as well as the gradual vanish of agricultural knowledge with a trend of increasing modern business knowledge and higher education. In addition, these changes, involving livelihood assets from natural, economic, human, social and cultural aspects are interrelated and interactive, which form new evolution characters of ethnic community. This study reveals the conflicts over livelihood approaches which have formed new vulnerabilities to impact on sustainable evolution of ethnic communities. This research provides implications for achieving the sustainable development of ethnic communities with the driving force of tourism livelihood.

Progress in Enclave Tourism Study of Overseas:A Literature Review

In response to the "isolated island" phenomenon emerging from the development of tourist resorts in China, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism overseas, which has similar features to the resort "island". Based on the literatures related to enclave tourism from Tourism Management and Annals of Tourism Research, this paper reviews the study of enclave tour- ism from the following aspects: definition discussion, theories used, causation of enclaves, characteristics and impacts of enclave tourism. The understanding of the overseas researches on enclave tourism would provide instructions for the study on the problems of Chinese resorts, such as enclavity and "island effects", and suggest measures for the sustainable development of resorts in China. This paper is divided into three sections. Section 1 briefly introduces the development of enclave tourism in developing countries and the outline of enclave tourism study. Section 2 elaborates on the contents of enclave tourism research and gives deep insights into the study on concepts, characteristics, causations and effects respectively, which is the key part of this paper; Section 3 concludes the review and proposes suggestions for the enclave tourism study in China.

Analysis of gender＇s role on voluntary tendency of potential/active volunteers via logistic regression modeling： The case of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University

From economy to political administrations, education to health, environment to human rights, many problems we met have gained a global importance in recent days. Existing state systems, political parties and nation states are not adequate for solving these problems in question effectively on their own. Not only governments and local authorities but also voluntary organizations based on completely voluntary activities have significant roles in solving these problems. Effective performance of voluntary organizations depends on increasing volunteer population. Individuals＇ attitudes or their perception of understanding volunteerism play an important role in their contributions to voluntary organizations. The aim of this study is to determine individuals＇ ways of perceiving volunteerism concept and their tendency towards it. Furthermore, differences between men and women＇s perception and attitudes towards volunteerism concept have been examined. For this purpose, a survey has been conducted over university students of bachelor＇s degree. Tendencies and attitudes towards volunteerism compared to gender differences have been tested via logistic regression method. Research results reveal that women take part in voluntary activities more than men and women perceive volunteerism as ＂a political position＂ while men perceive volunteerism as ＂a learning atmosphere and learning process＂.

Ghana＇s Presidential Seats and Sword of State： Aesthetic Manifestation of Kwame Nkrumah＇ s Cultural Policy on Ghana＇s Political Culture

This study explores the aesthetic dimensions of Kwame Nkrumah＇s cultural policies in the creation of Ghana＇s Presidential Seats and the State Sword. The study is an Art Historical research situated within the qualitative research paradigm. It had a population of a defmed class of cultural policy makers, art historians, traditional rulers, nationalists, visual artists and Ghanaians resident both in and outside Ghana. The study examined how the creation of Ghana＇s Presidential Seats and the State Sword were influenced by Kwame Nkrumah＇s cultural policies and the cultural significance of the aesthetic interplay of ethnic insignias used in capturing the Ghanaian concept of Political authority. The study revealed that, Nkrumah recognised the cultural art forms and elements of ethnic Ghana as assets for national development. In line with his policy of building the Nation State of Ghana, he used ethnic cultural art forms and elements. At independence, Nkrumah commissioned some visual artist to create some artistic pieces （politico-cultural artefacts） for the Ghanaian political authority with inspiration or based on what pertains in the traditional authority （Chieftaincy） of Ghana. Politico-cultural artefacts as used in this study refer to the artefacts produced based on the cultural concepts of the ethnic states for the use of the political authority of the Republic of Ghana. Among these artistic pieces are the three Presidential Seats, The State Sword, The President＇s Personal Standard Pole and the State Mace.

“Not Now!”1—On the Contemporary Relevance of Faulkner＇s Exploration of the Blacks

The accession of an African-American Obama to the U.S. Presidency in 2008 is an epoch-making event. The thesis focuses on the current situation of the blacks in U.S. to highlight the prophetic nature of Faulkner, the Nobel Prize winning American novelist＇s exploration of the blacks throughout his career, namely, the miserable living states of the blacks, racial segregation against the blacks in the sphere of education and religion, racial discrimination against the blacks with regard to civil rights, racial persecution against the blacks in legal cases, and the dependency upon the black leadership to salvage the multi-ethnic nation and so on. The paper comes up with the conclusion that Faulkner is accurate in his prophecy that the savior of the nation, the blacks shall suffer and lead.

Capitalism, Internationalism, and Socialism in Times of Globalization

This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would occur through the dissolution of nation states. Later, Marxist circles presented a historical arrow in the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 socialism 〉 internationalism. Taking into account recent steps of globalization and measures imposed by national governments in the face of the deep financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to compare the above theory with some historical events that have happened since the 19th century. Much has happened that Marx did not predict. Considering the world trajectory since the Second World War, it seems that the historical arrow has the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 internationalism 〉 hybridism of capitalism and socialism 〉？

The Latvian Road to the Euro

The article presents the situation in Latvia ahead of the country＇s adoption of the euro by offering an analysis of the extent to which the country is prepared for the move and of general economic difficulties as well as indicating possible threats to its future development. The article talks about difficulties caused by the great unemployment connected with the specific economy of the country, political problems of the post-socialistic multinational country and steps done towards the fulfilling of all the convergence criteria. Its aim is to present the moments around the change of the currency which is done by the material＇s analysis because there are not enough statistical data for the mathematical analysis. It can be concluded that the adoption of the euro will probably be beneficial in the long run for Latvia＇s economy. The conclusions may be done by comparison with the situation of Estonia and its foreign trade with Poland which is shown in the article because there are a lot of similarities between the two Baltic countries.