In order to study the calculation methods of bending behavior of Chinese reinforced concrete beams from 1912 to 1949, tests on the mechanical performance of 66 rebars from different modem Chinese concrete buildings, t...In order to study the calculation methods of bending behavior of Chinese reinforced concrete beams from 1912 to 1949, tests on the mechanical performance of 66 rebars from different modem Chinese concrete buildings, the concrete compressive strength of 12 modem Chinese concrete buildings, and the concrete cover thickness of 9 modem Chinese concrete buildings are carried out; and the actual material properties and structural conformations of modem Chinese concrete buildings are obtained. Then, the comparison on calculation methods of bending behavior including the original Chinese calculation method, the present Chinese calculation method, the present American calculation method and the present European calculation method is studied. The results show that the original Chinese calculation method of bending behavior is based on the allowable stress calculation method, and the design safety factors are 3.55 to 4. 0. In term of the calculation area of longitudinal rebars of reinforced concrete beams, without considering earthquake action, the original Chinese structural calculation method is safer than the present Chinese structural calculation method, the present European structural calculation method, and the present American structural calculation method. The results can provide support for the structural safety assessments of modem Chinese reinforced concrete buildings.展开更多
This paper articulates two great discussions within the history of this country： the discussions about the circumstances prior to the military coup and the role of the radio media in the political context of the conf...This paper articulates two great discussions within the history of this country： the discussions about the circumstances prior to the military coup and the role of the radio media in the political context of the conflict. Individually, each of these aspects will allow us a reflection over different points of view here articulated in a sociocultural approach. We have, thus, organized this discussion based on two main themes. We will start with the ＂Campanha da Legalidade＂ （Campaign for Legality）, the occasion which congregates both themes, and then we will discuss both the historical context of the 1964 military coup and the role of the radio media and its strong social and political presence.展开更多
The new provisions on judicial interpretation work issued by the Supreme People＇s Court （SPC） explicitly establish two procedural institutions： ＂Citizen motion for project initiation of judicial interpretation＂ ...The new provisions on judicial interpretation work issued by the Supreme People＇s Court （SPC） explicitly establish two procedural institutions： ＂Citizen motion for project initiation of judicial interpretation＂ and ＂Seeking public comment.＂ Under the rubric of democratization, these create ＂primafacie democratic legitimacy＂ for it to carry out the political function of developing law through judicial interpretation, and also enable it to broadly absorb information or knowledge in the course of Chinese-style judicial interpretation, especially abstract interpretation. However, the ＂democratization＂ trend gives also the impression that the SPC hews so close to public opinion that it will find itself in a quandary if it becomes necessary for it to make an independent and wise judgment. The SPC must find an appropriate balance between following behind and standing aloof from public opinion. Therefore, we should not take any further steps in ＂democratization.＂ An acceptable strategy for the present would be for the SPC to retain abstract interpretation in a limited sphere while working on reforming the content, form and system of concrete interpretation and extending its scope of application, letting the two models of judicial interpretation coexist and compete for future development and choices.展开更多
Since reform and opening up were launched in 1978, China＇s civil law has made progress in terms of both values and systems. Specifically, the status of the individual as the subject of private law has been gradually ...Since reform and opening up were launched in 1978, China＇s civil law has made progress in terms of both values and systems. Specifically, the status of the individual as the subject of private law has been gradually established, the autonomy of private law as the cornerstone of civil law has been laid down, private interests and rights have been recognized and genuinely guaranteed, and the scientific nature of civil law has developed rapidly. However, there is still some room for improvement in degree of formal rationality of current civil law. Upholding the autonomy and formal and rational development of civil law is of great significance for Chinese society. At the same time, it is necessary to preserve a certain degree of openness in civil law in order to overcome some inherent defects in formal rational law.展开更多
This paper uses empirical research conducted in Shanghai to answer these questions： What are the differences between the new generation of migrant workers and the previous generation of migrant workers？ What influen...This paper uses empirical research conducted in Shanghai to answer these questions： What are the differences between the new generation of migrant workers and the previous generation of migrant workers？ What influence do they have on China＇s politics？ Surveys have shown that the new generation of migrant workers put a greater emphasis on personal space and quality of life. They also have a greater awareness of their individual rights. Additionally, they have a stronger desire to assimilate into the city. The ratio of remittances in relation to income among the new generation of migrant workers has decreased signiflcandy while their local spending has increased. Overall, the new migrant workers demonstrate a stronger tendency towards permanent migration. Local citizenship based on the hukou （household registration ） system is facing a crisis of legitimacy. The unrest among the new generation of migrant workers is a mixture of Marx-type labor unrest and Polanyi-type labor unrest, but the unrest is ultimately directed towards the state. The result will be a rise in the politics of citizenship in China.展开更多
Over the last decades the cultural, social and political landscapes of diversity are changing radically, but we do not even have the language through which contemporary superdiversity in the world can be described, co...Over the last decades the cultural, social and political landscapes of diversity are changing radically, but we do not even have the language through which contemporary superdiversity in the world can be described, conceptualized, understood, explained and researched. Many of the social thoughts and political actions on issues of diversity are now dominated by methodological nationalism and multiculturalism which, however, have to be called into question. As opposed to methodological nationalism, methodological cosmopolitanism is a promising lens through which to look at questions of diversity. And it is essential to draw an essential distinction between ＂cosmopolitanism＂ in a normative philosophical sense and ＂cosmopolitanization＂ as a structural phenomenon and as a social scientific research programme. Philosophical and normative cosmopolitanism can be combined with cosmopolitan social science to create a cosmopolitan realism.展开更多
Historically, economic development and human fights go hand in hand. On the one hand, the protection of human rights is the purpose of economic development, i.e., promoting economic and social rights through economic ...Historically, economic development and human fights go hand in hand. On the one hand, the protection of human rights is the purpose of economic development, i.e., promoting economic and social rights through economic development, and then creating conditions for the realization of civil and political fights. On the other hand, the protection of human rights is a means to economic development, and only through the protection of human fights, can sustained and healthy economic development be realized. The economic development model of China since 1978, for quite a long period of time, is suitable for subsistence-based development. However, it also has created risks of economic failure and political legitimacy crises. So it is necessary to adopt a scientific development model which values human rights.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51138002)the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China(No.201452)the Open Fund of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Engineering Structure Safety(No.2015-KF06)
文摘In order to study the calculation methods of bending behavior of Chinese reinforced concrete beams from 1912 to 1949, tests on the mechanical performance of 66 rebars from different modem Chinese concrete buildings, the concrete compressive strength of 12 modem Chinese concrete buildings, and the concrete cover thickness of 9 modem Chinese concrete buildings are carried out; and the actual material properties and structural conformations of modem Chinese concrete buildings are obtained. Then, the comparison on calculation methods of bending behavior including the original Chinese calculation method, the present Chinese calculation method, the present American calculation method and the present European calculation method is studied. The results show that the original Chinese calculation method of bending behavior is based on the allowable stress calculation method, and the design safety factors are 3.55 to 4. 0. In term of the calculation area of longitudinal rebars of reinforced concrete beams, without considering earthquake action, the original Chinese structural calculation method is safer than the present Chinese structural calculation method, the present European structural calculation method, and the present American structural calculation method. The results can provide support for the structural safety assessments of modem Chinese reinforced concrete buildings.
文摘This paper articulates two great discussions within the history of this country： the discussions about the circumstances prior to the military coup and the role of the radio media in the political context of the conflict. Individually, each of these aspects will allow us a reflection over different points of view here articulated in a sociocultural approach. We have, thus, organized this discussion based on two main themes. We will start with the ＂Campanha da Legalidade＂ （Campaign for Legality）, the occasion which congregates both themes, and then we will discuss both the historical context of the 1964 military coup and the role of the radio media and its strong social and political presence.
文摘The new provisions on judicial interpretation work issued by the Supreme People＇s Court （SPC） explicitly establish two procedural institutions： ＂Citizen motion for project initiation of judicial interpretation＂ and ＂Seeking public comment.＂ Under the rubric of democratization, these create ＂primafacie democratic legitimacy＂ for it to carry out the political function of developing law through judicial interpretation, and also enable it to broadly absorb information or knowledge in the course of Chinese-style judicial interpretation, especially abstract interpretation. However, the ＂democratization＂ trend gives also the impression that the SPC hews so close to public opinion that it will find itself in a quandary if it becomes necessary for it to make an independent and wise judgment. The SPC must find an appropriate balance between following behind and standing aloof from public opinion. Therefore, we should not take any further steps in ＂democratization.＂ An acceptable strategy for the present would be for the SPC to retain abstract interpretation in a limited sphere while working on reforming the content, form and system of concrete interpretation and extending its scope of application, letting the two models of judicial interpretation coexist and compete for future development and choices.
文摘Since reform and opening up were launched in 1978, China＇s civil law has made progress in terms of both values and systems. Specifically, the status of the individual as the subject of private law has been gradually established, the autonomy of private law as the cornerstone of civil law has been laid down, private interests and rights have been recognized and genuinely guaranteed, and the scientific nature of civil law has developed rapidly. However, there is still some room for improvement in degree of formal rationality of current civil law. Upholding the autonomy and formal and rational development of civil law is of great significance for Chinese society. At the same time, it is necessary to preserve a certain degree of openness in civil law in order to overcome some inherent defects in formal rational law.
文摘This paper uses empirical research conducted in Shanghai to answer these questions： What are the differences between the new generation of migrant workers and the previous generation of migrant workers？ What influence do they have on China＇s politics？ Surveys have shown that the new generation of migrant workers put a greater emphasis on personal space and quality of life. They also have a greater awareness of their individual rights. Additionally, they have a stronger desire to assimilate into the city. The ratio of remittances in relation to income among the new generation of migrant workers has decreased signiflcandy while their local spending has increased. Overall, the new migrant workers demonstrate a stronger tendency towards permanent migration. Local citizenship based on the hukou （household registration ） system is facing a crisis of legitimacy. The unrest among the new generation of migrant workers is a mixture of Marx-type labor unrest and Polanyi-type labor unrest, but the unrest is ultimately directed towards the state. The result will be a rise in the politics of citizenship in China.
文摘Over the last decades the cultural, social and political landscapes of diversity are changing radically, but we do not even have the language through which contemporary superdiversity in the world can be described, conceptualized, understood, explained and researched. Many of the social thoughts and political actions on issues of diversity are now dominated by methodological nationalism and multiculturalism which, however, have to be called into question. As opposed to methodological nationalism, methodological cosmopolitanism is a promising lens through which to look at questions of diversity. And it is essential to draw an essential distinction between ＂cosmopolitanism＂ in a normative philosophical sense and ＂cosmopolitanization＂ as a structural phenomenon and as a social scientific research programme. Philosophical and normative cosmopolitanism can be combined with cosmopolitan social science to create a cosmopolitan realism.
文摘Historically, economic development and human fights go hand in hand. On the one hand, the protection of human rights is the purpose of economic development, i.e., promoting economic and social rights through economic development, and then creating conditions for the realization of civil and political fights. On the other hand, the protection of human rights is a means to economic development, and only through the protection of human fights, can sustained and healthy economic development be realized. The economic development model of China since 1978, for quite a long period of time, is suitable for subsistence-based development. However, it also has created risks of economic failure and political legitimacy crises. So it is necessary to adopt a scientific development model which values human rights.
