生物多样性与气候变化协同治理的理论解码与法制构造

作为统筹应对生物多样性丧失与全球气候变化两大环境危机的优选路径,生物多样性与气候变化协同治理,对“马克思主义生态认识论”的遵循“、整体政府理论”的运用以及“成本效益分析理论”的践行,从哲学、行政学以及经济学等多维学科凝萃上,塑造了一个合理且自洽的理论框架。在全面推进依法治国的时代背景下,生物多样性与气候变化协同治理这一环境议题,无论是在技术话语还是国际政治导向上,均具有法制转轨的强烈需求。为纾解生物多样性与气候变化协同治理在法制供需样态上呈现出的内在张力,宜将以法律和政策为主体构成的法制体系的塑造,作为驱动生物多样性与气候变化协同治理目标实现的根本工具,通过对生物多样性与气候变化协同治理政策体系的布局安排,以及协同治理理念完整的法律表达,以有效回应“双碳”目标以及生物多样性保护战略协同推进的时代所需。

全球气候变化多样性及应对措施

从气候多样性、气候变化风险多样性和应对气候变化多样性着手,系统分析了气候变化对全球可持续发展影响的多样性和严峻性;结合人类社会活动与气候系统的相互作用与关系,提出了人类社会与气候变化共生存的范式,并依据此范式,对应对气候风险的全球机制提出建议。

基于全球气候变化多样性特征的战略思考

人类必须从适应气候多样性和气候变化多样性的角度出发三管齐下:降低脆弱性,提高恢复力,强化适应性。人类通过改变大气成分及其时空分布,改变下垫面的辐射性能、动力结构、热力性能等,不断地影响地球气候系统的时空演变过程,人类活动与气候变化已经形成了一个相互依存的体系。人类已有的适应气候变化多样性的措施,在空间上功效十分显著,同时,人们也力求使适应气候变化在时间上有更多进展。针对适应气候多样性的目标,特别是在适应极端天气与气候事件方面,要建立并完善气候变化风险应对全球机制。在与全球气候多样性共生存的发展战略下,建立全球综合灾害风险防御范式;通过全球绿色发展联盟、全球巨灾风险防御基金、全球灾害风险教育科研网络,推进全球气候变化风险应对机制。

云南气候特征与主要经济作物种植适宜性的关系

基于云南省、贵州省和广西壮族自治区共163个站点气候资料和主要经济作物产地分布数据,应用作物生态学和农业气象学原理,分析云南气候特征与经济作物种植的气候适宜性关系。结果表明,受季风气候、高原山地气候、低纬气候的影响,云南干湿季节分明、夏季气温偏低、春秋季长、气温日较差大、干季日照较多,具有气候区域性和层次性差异特点,由此云南各气候带的经济作物种植适宜性也不同,其中,低纬高原气候最适宜云南烤烟和滇中花卉产业发展,低纬高原南亚热带季风气候区的滇西南适宜种植喜湿润、要求强光少的南亚热带深根类作物,高原山地气候叠加季风气候带则适宜发展多种(类)经济作物,然而高原气候和季风气候也给云南经济作物种植带来夏秋光热欠足、冬春干旱和短时段低温冷害的不利影响。

西藏气候特征及对农业影响

西藏气候多样性的变化导致农作物的生长也受到一定的影响,如西藏各地区降水量和温度各不相同。按照气候产能的划分可分为暖湿型、冷湿型以及冷干型。暖湿型土壤中的水分较多,在较厚土层中仍能供给植物生长所需的水分;冷湿型适用于胡麻等作物的生长环境,易于抗旱抗寒;对与冷干型适合青稞小麦等作物的生长。笔者将从西藏的降水量和温度变化两个气候因素对农作物的生长影响进行详细的分析。

非气候因素对草原植物生产力影响的最大熵研究

基于最大熵原理在生态位模拟中的应用及据此开发出来的软件MAXENT-V3.3.3k,以野外调查获得的植物种地理分布信息和相应的气候变量作为适生性评估输入,在优化变量的最佳配置下,评估该物种的适生性;借助类似于气孔导度理论的环境变量函数乘合模型(即可分离变量假设),能够区分物种对气候变量、非气候变量和人为影响的响应。对小针茅1984—1995年连续12年的模拟结果显示,评估很好地再现了小针茅产量的年际变化趋势,成功地创建了样本的单位面积产量正比于该局地适生性的简单关系;支持过度利用草原是小针茅植物退化的主要原因。

西部大开发应注意的几个气候问题

提出了自治区实施西部大开发应注意的四个气候问题 ,即气候多样性问题 ,气候资源合理开发利用问题 ,气候灾害问题 ,气候变暖问题。文章中提出的论点可供进行生态环境治理、基础设施建设。

Dynamic of forest landscape in Heilongjiang Province for one century

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO, ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS, the map of forest resource distribution of Heilongjiang Province was analyzed in 1896, 1949 and 1981. Using total area, mean patch size, patch density, coefficient of patch size variation, mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index, we studied the change of forest landscape pattern and the change of each patch types in this region. As a result, the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply, the quantity and density of patches increased, the juxtaposition of patches weakened, the shape of patch tended to become regular, and the border of patch simplified. All these showed that the forest landscape of this area tended to fragment gradually, and the fragment of Korean pine forest is the severest. The diversity of whole forest landscape and the evenness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually. Human impact, instead of climate change and forest community succession, is the most important reason for such dramatic changes.

Impacts of global warming on marine zooplankton

Global warming has been being a serious issue since 1980, and it impacts environment and biosphere. Here, we reviewed the physiological and ecological responses of marine zooplankton which is an important component of biosphere to the global warming. Much research on physiological changes in response to different temperature is given to discuss this issue. Furthermore, we focused on ecological changes of zooplankton to global warming and several indices such as abundance, biomass, biodiversity and biogeographic boundary are enumerated. Phenological changes of zooplankton were presented, followed by the prospects of this subject, viz. observing more functional groups, more concerning on zooplankton in tropical region and investigation on a species-level zooplankton system.

声音

“我国具有气候多样性、生态多样性,几乎任何物种都可以找到适合生存的地方,如果以国门为唯一防线,跨过国门的任何外来生物都存在入侵风险。”中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所研究员汪学杰指出,对于外来物种不能简单地拒之门外,应建立地区间物种流动的监控及防范机制,以避免形成入侵。

Species-diversified plant cover enhances orchard ecosystem resistance to climatic stress and soil erosion in subtropical hillside

Naturally occurring plants in agroecosystem evidently play an important role in ecosystem stability. Field studies on the ecological effects of native plants conserved in orchard and their resistance to adverse climatic stress, and soil erosion were conducted from 1998 to 2001 in a newly developed Changshan-huyou (Citrus changshan-huyou Y.B. Chang) orchard. The experimental area covered 150 ha in typical red soil hilly region in southeastern China. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six combinations of twelve plant species with four replications. All species used were native in the orchard. Plots were 15×8m^2 and separated by 2m buffer strips. Precipitation, soil erosion in rainstorm days and aboveground biomass of plant community when rainstorm days ended, soil temperature and moisture under various plant covers during seasonal megathermal drought period, antiscourability of soil with different root density under various simulated rainfalls were measured. Plant cover significantly decreased the daily highest and mean soil temperature and its daily variation in hot-drought season, but there was no significant difference of the alleviation among various plant covers. Plant covers significantly increased the soil moisture in seasonal megathermal drought period. Better moisture maintenance and soil erosion reduction was found when the plant species numbers in cover plant communities increased from one to eight. Higher root density in plant communities with higher species richness increased significantly the antiscourability of the soil. It was suggested that conserving plant communities with diversified native species could produce the best positive ecological effects on citrus orchard ecosystem stability.

Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Australia:Strategy and Research Developments

Many countries are developing national strategies and action plans aimed at minimising the negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity.The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview not only of strategies and plans that have been developed in Australia,but also of research that has been carried out in Australia by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO) Climate Adaptation Flagship to assist the development of future strategies and plans.Major points are summarised from key policy documents such as the National Biodiversity and Climate Change Action Plan 2004-2007,and Australia's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010-2030,as well as the 2009 report on "Australia's Biodiversity and Climate Change".Within the first three years of its existence,the Natural Ecosystems theme in CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship has carried out studies analysing impacts and identifying potential adaptations across the whole of Australia's vast terrestrial and marine environments.Techniques used in these studies could be applied easily in other countries and could assist the development of more effective national strategies and adaptation action plans for the conservation of biodiversity under climate change.

Climate Change Adaptation Planning for Biodiversity Conservation:A Review

Climate change has been linked to well-documented changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, and in some cases, extinction. Projections of future change point to dramatic shifts in the states of many ecosystems. Aceommodating these shifts to effectively conserve biodiversity in the context of uncertain climate regimes represents one of the most difficult challenges faced by conservation planners. A number of adaptation strategies have been proposed for managing species and ecosystems in a changing climate. However, there has been little guidance available on integrating climate change adaptation strategies into contemporary conservation planning frameworks. The paper reviews the different approaches being used to integrate climate change adaptation into conservation planning, broadly categorizing strategies as continuing and extending on ＂best practice＂ principles and those that integrate species vulnerability assessments into conservation planning. We describe the characteristics of a good adaptation strategy emphasizing the importance of incorporating clear principles of flexibility and efficiency, accounting for uncertainty, integrating human response to climate change and understanding trade-offs.

Advances in the reintroduction of rare and endangered wild plant species

Human disturbance and climate change have increased the risk of extinction for rare and endangered wild plant species.One effective way to conserve these rare and endangered species is through reintroduction.In this review,we summarize the advances in wild plant reintroduction from five perspectives:the establishment of reintroduction biology as an important tool for biodiversity conservation;the importance of genetic diversity in reintroduction;reintroduction under global climate change;recruitment limitation in reintroduction;and reintroduction and ecological restoration.In addition,we consider the future of plant reintroduction strategies.

Potential effects of climate change on a marine invasion： The importance of current context

Species invasions threaten marine biodiversity globally. There is a concern that climate change is exacerbating this problem. Here, we examined some of the potential effects of warming water temperatures on the invasion of Western Atlantic habitats by a marine predator, the Indo-Pacific lionfish （Pterois volitans and P. miles）. We focussed on two temperature-dependent aspects of lionfish life-history and behaviour： pelagic larval duration, because of its link to dispersal potential, and prey consump- tion rate, because it is an important determinant of the impacts of lionfish on native prey. Using models derived from fundamental metabolic theory, we predict that the length of time spent by lionfish in the plankton in early life should decrease with warming temperatures, with a concomitant reduction in potential dispersal distance. Although the uncertainty around change in dispersal distances is large, predicted reductions are, on average, more than an order of magnitude smaller than the current rate of range expansion of lionfisli in the Caribbean. Nevertheless, because shorter pelagic larval duration has the potential to increase local re- tention of larvae, local lionfish management will become increasingly important under projected climate change. Increasing tem- perature is also expected to worsen the current imbalance between rates of prey consumption by lionfish and biomass production by their prey, leading to a heightened decline in native reef fish biomass. However, the magnitude of climate-induced decline is predicted to be minor compared to the effect of current rates of lionfish population increases （and hence overall prey consumption rates） on invaded reefs. Placing the predicted effects of climate change in the current context thus reveals that, at least for the lionfish invasion, the threat is clear and present, rather than future [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 1-8, 2012].

The Ecosystem Condition of Basin of the Trans Border River Argun in Zabaikalsky Krai, Russia

Cyclic climatic changes, as well as the press of anthropogenic impact, affect ecosystems of the river Argun basin. Specialization of basin management is industrial and agricultural. The main impact is connected with the development of mining companies （including the mining of ore and placer gold）, energy facilities, and the formation of reservoirs in the basin of rivers： the Argun -- the Hailar. As a result of natural and anthropogenic pressure, the limiting factor for ecosystem exploitation in this basin is water resources （water deficiency and its quality）.

A taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective on plant community assembly along an elevational gradient in subtropical forests

Aims Biodiversity patterns along elevational gradients have been well documented.Yet,the variations of biodiversity patterns along elevations and their underlying mechanisms are still unclear.Integrating multiple facets of biodiversity provides novel insights into the mechanisms for driving community assembly.In this study,species abundance information was incorporated into taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity to reveal the ecological and evolutionary forces of plant community assembly along an elevational gradient in subtropical forests.Methods We selected 17 woody plant plots along an elevational gradient from 270 to 1470 m in eastern China’s subtropical forests.Both presence-based and abundance-based measures of angiosperm species were used to quantify taxonomic alpha diversity,phylogenetic alpha diversity,phylogenetic relatedness,as well as taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity among these plots.And the relations between these measures and climatic and topographic variables were analyzed.Important Findings For both abundance-weighted and unweighted measures,we observed an overall increasing pattern for taxonomic alpha diversity along elevation,and distance-decay trends of taxonomic and phylogenetic similarity with increased elevational distances.However,there were disparity patterns of phylogenetic alpha diversity between abundance-weighted and unweighted measures.For phylogenetic structure,there was no significant trend along elevation.Both topographical and microclimatic variables were main drivers of diversity patterns and phylogenetic structure.Compared with unweighted measures,abundance-weighted measures were strongly related with the slope and stand basal area.Overall,our results prove that deterministic processes mediated by local species abundance imprint on plant community composition along the elevational gradient.

Using the response-effect trait framework to disentangle the effects of environmental change on the ecosystem services

Functional traits play a vital role in mediating the responses of ecosystem services to environmental changes and in predicting the functioning of the ecosystem.However,the connection between functional traits and ecosystem services has become increasingly intricate due to climate change and human activities for degraded ecosystems.To investigate this relationship,we selected 27 sampling sites in the Yanhe River Basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau,each containing two types of vegetation ecosystems:natural vegetation and artificial vegetation ecosystems.At each sampling site,we measured ecosystem services and calculated the composition index of community traits.We established a response–effect trait framework that included environmental factors such as climate,elevation and human activities.Our results showed that leaf tissue density(LTD)was the overlapping response and effect trait when responding to climate change.LTD is positively correlated with mean annual temperature and negatively correlated with supporting services.Under the influence of human activities,leaf nitrogen content and leaf dry matter content were carriers of environmental change.Comparing the two vegetation ecosystems,the relationship between functional traits and ecosystem services showed divergent patterns,indicating that human activities increased the uncertainty of the relationship between functional traits and ecosystem services.Trait-based ecology holds promise for enhancing predictions of ecosystem services responses to environmental changes.However,the predictive ability is influenced by the complexity of environmental changes.In conclusion,our study highlights the importance of understanding the complex connection between functional traits and ecosystem services in response to climate changes and human activities.