红枫山韵茶园气候观测站的建立和气候观测方案设计

气候观测站的建立对于指导农业生产、提高生产效率及经济效益等都具有十分重要的意义。近些年,贵州省大力发展茶产业,其茶叶产量以及种植面积等已经位于全国之首。茶园气候观测站的建立,可以得到贵州茶树生长的实时气候因子数据以及对可能出现的灾情进行及时的预警,同时进行物候观测并详细记录。与之前的气候因子进行叠加分析,可以成为茶叶品质的有利佐证又可对日后的农事信息起到一定的指导作用。

农业小气候观测站在特种水产养殖中的作用

2010年，海安气象局在江苏中润农业特种水产养殖基地安装了小气候自动观测站，对空气温度、湿度、风向、风速、气压、降水量等气象要素进行连续不间断观测，从而进行室外气温对工厂化温室和野化驯养池水温的影响，主要天气指标变化对河豚采食量的影响，光照对温室和露天野化驯养池水质的影响，外界天气变化对河豚鱼亲鱼发育的影响，气温、风速、气压变化对养殖水体中溶解氧影响等多个技术问题的研究，用以指导河豚、鲥鱼等特种水产的养殖，取得了显著的效益。

多雨炎热地区膨胀土观测站的选址

膨胀土的工程性质对气候的变化十分敏感。在分析广西膨胀土分布情况、基本性质以及地区气候的基础上,充分考虑了气象因素与研究基础的影响,解决了1个膨胀土野外观测站的选址问题,为研究膨胀土力学性质-气候的作用机理提供良好的工作平台。

遵义六县区不同观测站气温对比分析

利用遵义6个县区气象观测站和6个田间小气候观测站的气温数据,从最高温度、最低温度、平均温度反映的气温特点,以及气温水平方向、垂直方向变化的气候立体特征2个方面进行对比分析。结果表明,县区气象观测站和田间小气候观测站的气温变化趋势较为一致,但日较差数值相差较大,且田间小气候观测站气象数据能更具体真实地反映山地气候特征。

彩陶故里观天人——青海省乐都县气象局

位于彩陶故里的青海省乐都县气象局，成立于1956年10月。属国家气候观测一般站。主要承担地面气象、生态环境监测、气象服务、雷电防护装置检测及人工影响天气、雷电防护行政管理等工作。现有职工14人，其中大学本科2人，大专11人；中共党员4名。

Progress in Research on Homogenization of Climate Data

The observation data from ground surface meteorological stations is an important basis on which climate change research is carried out, while the homogenization of the data is necessary for improving the quality and homogeneity of the time series. This paper reviews recent advances in the techniques of identifying and adjusting inhomogeneity in climate series. We briefly introduce the results of applying two commonly accepted and well-developed methods (RHtest and MASH) to surface climate observations such as temperature and wind speed in China. We then summarize current progress and problems in this field, and propose ideas for future studies in China. Along with collecting more detailed metadata, more research on homogenization technology should be done in the future. On the basis of comparing and evaluating advantages and disadvantages of different homogenization methods, the homogenized climate data series of the last hundred years should be rebuilt.

Trends in Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the Zhujiang River Basin,South China(1961-2007)

Monthly temperature and precipitation time-series for the Zhujiang River Basin are analyzed in order to identify changes in climate extremes. Daily temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2007 of 192 meteorological stations are used. Two temperature indicators （monthly mean and monthly maximum mean） and three precipitation indicators （monthly total, monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation, and monthly dry days） are analyzed. Tendencies in all five indicators can be observed. Many stations show significant positive trends （above the 90% confidence level） for monthly mean temperatures and monthly maximum mean temperatures. For all months, a significant increase in temperature from 1961 to 2007 can be observed in the entire basin with the coastal area in particular. Positive trends of precipitation extremes can be observed from January to March. Negative trends are detected from September to November. The number of dry days in October increased significantly at 40% of all meteorological stations. Stations with changes of monthly precipitation extremes are scattered over the Zhujiang River Basin. An aggregation of heat waves and droughts can be detected which is accompanied by significant increases of temperature extremes and the negative tendencies in precipitation extremes. The detection of tendencies in climate station density. extremes essentially relies on a good data quality and high

Climate Change Facts in Central China during 1961-2010

Based on the observations from 239 meteorological stations located in Central China （Henan, Hubei and Hunan provinces）, this paper focuses on the climate change facts during 1961- 2010. There was a significant increasing trend in annual mean temperature for Central China during 1961 -2010. The increasing rate was 0.15℃ per decade, which was lower than the national trend. Since the mid-1980s, temperature increasing was obvious. Large increasing rate was observed in the mid-eastern part of Central China. For the four seasons, the increasing rate in winter was the largest （0.27℃ per decade）. The increasing rate in the annual mean minimum temperature was larger than that in the annual mean maximum temperature from 1961 to 2010. As a result, the diurnal range of temperature decreased at the rate of -0.10℃ per decade. The extreme high temperature events were increasing while the extreme low temperature events were significantly decreasing. There was no obvious trend in annual precipitation for Central China during 1961-2010. Precipitation in summer and winter significantly increased; change of precipitation in spring was not obvious; precipitation in autumn was decreasing. The decreasing rate of annual rainy days was -3.4 d per decade. The precipitation intensity increased at the rate of 0.25 mm d-1 per decade. Heavy-rain days significantly increased. Spring and summer started earlier while autumn and winter started later. As a result, spring and summer duration was expanding whereas autumn and winter duration shortened.

On a Method of Climatological Observations Processing

The task of climate observation data processing is central to the quality of an assessment of future climate change impact. The current state-of-the-art is based on the long-running observation records of the meteorological stations. However, it is common for the developing states to have only relatively short and/or intermittent record histories. The issue becomes even more aggravated under an effort to assess the climatic trends for specific territories with few meteorological stations. The paper offers a simple and effective technique to handle the climate observations; the technique makes the most complete use of an available data set by counting the data provided by all meteorological stations including those with short records and omissions. The method is based on numeric differentiation of source data samples.

Contributions of climate and human activities to changes in runoff of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers from 1950 to 2008

Runoffs in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, China, have been changing constantly during the last half century. In this paper, data from eight river gauging stations and 529 meteorological stations, inside and adjacent to the study basins, were analyzed and compared to quantify the hydrological processes involved, and to evaluate the role of human activities in chang- ing river discharges. The Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to obtain climatic data coverage from station observations. According to the runoff coefficient equation, the effect of human activities and climate can be ex- pressed by changes in runoff coefficients and changes in precipitation, respectively. Annual runoff coefficients were calculated for the period 1950-2008, according to the correlation between respective hydrological series and regional precipitation. An- nual precipitation showed no obvious trend in the upper reaches of the Yellow River but a marked downward trend in the mid- dle and downstream reaches, with declines of 8.8 and 9.8 ram/10 a, respectively. All annual runoff series for the Yellow River basin showed a significant downward trend. Runoff declined by about 7.8 mm/10 a at Sanmenxia and 10.8 ram/10 a at Lijin. The series results indicated that an abrupt change occurred in the late 1980s to early 1990s. The trend of correlations between annual runoff and precipitation decreased significantly at the Yellow River stations, with rates ranging from 0.013/10 a to 0.019/10 a. For the hydrologic series, all precipitation series showed a downward trend in the Yangtze River basin with de- clines ranging from about 24.7 mm/10 a at Cuntan to 18.2 mm/10 a at Datong. Annual runoff series for the upper reaches of the Yangtze River decreased significantly, at rates ranging from 9.9 to 7.2 mm/10 a. In the middle and lower reaches, the run- off series showed no significant trend, with rates of change ranging from 2.1 to 2.9 ram/10 a. Human activities had the greatest influence on changes in the hydrological series of runoff, regardless of whether the effect was negative or positive. During 1970-2008, human activities contributed to 83% of the reduction in runoff in the Yellow River basin, and to 71% of the in- crease in runoff in the Yangtze River basin. Moreover, the impacts of human activities across the entire basin increased over time. In the 2000s, the impact of human activities exceeded that of climate change and was responsible for 84% of the decrease and 73% of the increase in runoff in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, respectively. The average annual runoff from 1980 to 2008 fell by about 97%, 83%, 83%, and 91%, compared with 1951-1969, at the Yellow River stations Lanzhou, San- menxia, Huayuankou and Lijin, respectively. Most of the reduction in runoff was caused by human activities. Changes in pre- cipitation also caused reductions in runoff of about 3%, 17%, 17%, and 9% at these four stations, respectively. Falling precipi- tation rates were the main explanation for runoff changes at the Yangtze River stations Cuntan, Yichang, Hankou, and Datong, causing reductions in runoff of 89%, 74%, 43%, and 35%, respectively. Underlying surface changes caused decreases in runoff in the Yellow River basin and increases in runoff in the Yangtze River basin. Runoff decreased in arid areas as a result of in- creased water usage, but increased in humid and sub-humid areas as a result of land reclamation and mass urbanization leading to decreases in evaporation and infiltration.