A non-precious metal catalyst MnHMTA/C to oxygen reduction reaction was prepared by py- rolyzing a precursor from manganese chloride, hexamethylenetetramine and acetylene black in nitrogen gas atmosphere. The effect o...A non-precious metal catalyst MnHMTA/C to oxygen reduction reaction was prepared by py- rolyzing a precursor from manganese chloride, hexamethylenetetramine and acetylene black in nitrogen gas atmosphere. The effect of heat treatment temperature and flowing of nitrogen gas were investigated. A catalyst with the highest activity can be obtained at 700 ℃. Mn（Ⅱ） ion was changed to MnO in heat treatment, which improved the catalytic activity of the catalyst. Hexamethylenetetramine takes part in the formation of active site of the catalyst as its decomposed gases. The flowing of protective gas takes the decomposed gases out of the tube furnace and brings negative effect on the catalytic activity of the MnHMTA/C catalyst.展开更多
This study examined the temporal variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） and its relationship with climatic factors in the Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve （CMNR） during 2000 - 2009. The re...This study examined the temporal variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） and its relationship with climatic factors in the Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve （CMNR） during 2000 - 2009. The results showed as follows. The average NDVI values increased at a rate of 0.0024 year-1. The increase rate differed with vegetation types, such as 0.0034 year-1 for forest and 0.0017 year-1 for tundra. Trend analyses revealed a consistent NDVI increase at the start and end of the growing season but little variation or decrease observed in July during the study period. The NDVI in CMNR showed a stronger correlation with temperature than with precipitation, especially in spring and autumn. A stronger correlation was observed between NDVI and temperature in the tundra zone （2,000-2,600m） than in the coniferous forest （1,100-1,700m） and Korean pine-broadleaved mixed forest （7oo-1,1oom） zones. The results indicate that vegetation at higher elevations is more sensitive to temperature change. NDVI variation had a strong correlation with temperature change （r=0.7311, p〈0.01） but less significant correlation with precipitation change. The result indicates that temperature can serve as a main indicator of vegetation sensitivity in the CMNR.展开更多
Potential vorticity(PV)has been widely applied as a tracer because of its property of conservation in frictionless,dry adiabatic flow.However,PV itself is more effective in describing the slow-manifold flow at large s...Potential vorticity(PV)has been widely applied as a tracer because of its property of conservation in frictionless,dry adiabatic flow.However,PV itself is more effective in describing the slow-manifold flow at large scale.Therefore,we wish to find a materially conserved invariant other than PV to diagnose severe weather such as growing and mature tropical cyclones,whose velocity and dynamic pressure vary rapidly and locally.Starting from the absolute motion equation after elimination of the pressure gradient term by introducing moist entropy and moist enthalpy,the baroclinic Ertel-Rossby invariant(ERI)in moist flow is derived by the Weber transformation.Furthermore,the material conservation property of moist ERI is proven.Besides the traditional moist potential vorticity(MPV)term,the invariant includes the moisture factor that is excluded in dry ERI and the term related to gradients of pressure,kinetic energy and potential energy that reflects the"fast-manifold"property.Therefore,it is more complete to describe the fast motions off the slow manifold for severe weather than is the MPV term.The moist ERI is then applied to diagnose a triple-typhoon system,and is compared with MPV and dry ERI.Contrastive analysis shows that moist ERI is a better tool to diagnose the movements and intensity variations of several coexisting typhoons.The moist ERI can signify the movement and development of a multi-typhoon system.It has wide application prospects for a real moist atmosphere.展开更多
文摘A non-precious metal catalyst MnHMTA/C to oxygen reduction reaction was prepared by py- rolyzing a precursor from manganese chloride, hexamethylenetetramine and acetylene black in nitrogen gas atmosphere. The effect of heat treatment temperature and flowing of nitrogen gas were investigated. A catalyst with the highest activity can be obtained at 700 ℃. Mn（Ⅱ） ion was changed to MnO in heat treatment, which improved the catalytic activity of the catalyst. Hexamethylenetetramine takes part in the formation of active site of the catalyst as its decomposed gases. The flowing of protective gas takes the decomposed gases out of the tube furnace and brings negative effect on the catalytic activity of the MnHMTA/C catalyst.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Platforms Initiative of Northeast Normal University under the project "Ecological Security and Data Assemblage of the Changbai Mountains International Georegion(Project No.106111065202)"the National Grand Fundamental Research 973 Program of China (Project No.2009CB426305)
文摘This study examined the temporal variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） and its relationship with climatic factors in the Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve （CMNR） during 2000 - 2009. The results showed as follows. The average NDVI values increased at a rate of 0.0024 year-1. The increase rate differed with vegetation types, such as 0.0034 year-1 for forest and 0.0017 year-1 for tundra. Trend analyses revealed a consistent NDVI increase at the start and end of the growing season but little variation or decrease observed in July during the study period. The NDVI in CMNR showed a stronger correlation with temperature than with precipitation, especially in spring and autumn. A stronger correlation was observed between NDVI and temperature in the tundra zone （2,000-2,600m） than in the coniferous forest （1,100-1,700m） and Korean pine-broadleaved mixed forest （7oo-1,1oom） zones. The results indicate that vegetation at higher elevations is more sensitive to temperature change. NDVI variation had a strong correlation with temperature change （r=0.7311, p〈0.01） but less significant correlation with precipitation change. The result indicates that temperature can serve as a main indicator of vegetation sensitivity in the CMNR.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2013CB430105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41375054,41105027,40930950&40805001)the Opening Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,China(Grant No.2012LASW-B02)
文摘Potential vorticity(PV)has been widely applied as a tracer because of its property of conservation in frictionless,dry adiabatic flow.However,PV itself is more effective in describing the slow-manifold flow at large scale.Therefore,we wish to find a materially conserved invariant other than PV to diagnose severe weather such as growing and mature tropical cyclones,whose velocity and dynamic pressure vary rapidly and locally.Starting from the absolute motion equation after elimination of the pressure gradient term by introducing moist entropy and moist enthalpy,the baroclinic Ertel-Rossby invariant(ERI)in moist flow is derived by the Weber transformation.Furthermore,the material conservation property of moist ERI is proven.Besides the traditional moist potential vorticity(MPV)term,the invariant includes the moisture factor that is excluded in dry ERI and the term related to gradients of pressure,kinetic energy and potential energy that reflects the"fast-manifold"property.Therefore,it is more complete to describe the fast motions off the slow manifold for severe weather than is the MPV term.The moist ERI is then applied to diagnose a triple-typhoon system,and is compared with MPV and dry ERI.Contrastive analysis shows that moist ERI is a better tool to diagnose the movements and intensity variations of several coexisting typhoons.The moist ERI can signify the movement and development of a multi-typhoon system.It has wide application prospects for a real moist atmosphere.
