The new recently demonstrated reserves of oil and gas in the Ordos basin are found at the top of petroliferous basins in China. Gas pools discovered in recent years in the Permian system have become the main natural g...The new recently demonstrated reserves of oil and gas in the Ordos basin are found at the top of petroliferous basins in China. Gas pools discovered in recent years in the Permian system have become the main natural gas resource in the basin. Therefore, synthetic research on fluid inclusions should be done in order to ascertain the pool-forming stage, the maturity of organic matters and the properties of Paleo-fluids. The main types of fluid inclusions in the Permian system in the basin include brine inclusions, carbon dioxide inclusions and organic inclusions. Homogenization temperatures （HT） of brine inclusions can be divided into four intervals： 66-83 ℃, 86-108 ℃, 112-138 ℃ and 142-153℃. The fluid inclusions in the interval of 112-138 ℃ are much more than that of other intervals, indicating that the second stage of hydrocarbon migration associated with the third temperature interval is the most important stage of gas pool formations. The fluid inclusion has extensive applications in the study of gas geology, not only in ascertaining the formation stage of gas pools, but also in estimating the maturity of organic matter and restoring Paleo-fluids. The result of testing the HT of brine inclusions shows that there are two stages of gas pool formations in the Permian system occurring ＋150 Ma and ±100 Ma. The maturity of organic matter is moderate to high, a conclusion based on the color of fluid inclusions （radiated by fluorescence）. The high salinity of Paleo-fluids of the NaCI-H2O and CaCl2-H2O systems shows good preservation conditions of the Paleo-fluids. Two stages of reservoir filling, high maturity of organic matter and good preservation conditions are factors favorable for the formation and preservation of large-scale gas pools in the Permian system in the Ordos basin.展开更多
In molten phase metallurgical processes,mixing via gas injection has a vital role in obtaining a homogeneous product.The efficiency of mixing depends on operational variables such as gas flow rate and slag height as w...In molten phase metallurgical processes,mixing via gas injection has a vital role in obtaining a homogeneous product.The efficiency of mixing depends on operational variables such as gas flow rate and slag height as well as physical properties of the molten phases.A numerical simulation is conducted to study the above parameters in the flow behavior of a bottom-blown bath.The molten metal and the slag are modeled by water and oil,respectively.The numerical results,particularly the mixing time,are validated against experimental data.The results show that mixing time increases as the slag height increases and decreases as the density of the slag material increases.The mixing time decreases with an increase in the density of the primary phase;however,it increases as the surface tension between air and water increases.A case with properties close to a real molten metal is also modeled.The performance of the system is influenced by the momentum rather than the dissipative forces.Thus,the effect of the density of the molten phase on the mixing process is more pronounced compared to the effect of the surface tension between the air and the molten phase.展开更多
The oblique transfer zone in the Fushan Sag, a syndepositional dome sandwiched between the Bailian and Huangtong sub-sags, has been the most important exploration target. The major oil observation occurs in the E_2l_1...The oblique transfer zone in the Fushan Sag, a syndepositional dome sandwiched between the Bailian and Huangtong sub-sags, has been the most important exploration target. The major oil observation occurs in the E_2l_1^(L+M) and the E_2l_3~U. 46 oil and rock samples reveal that the oil in the transfer zone is mostly contributed by the Bailian sub-sag, though the source rock conditions, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion histories of the Bailian and Huangtong sub-sags are similar. The E_2l_3~U oil, characterized by high maturity, Pr/Ph ratio and oleanane/C_(30)-hopane ratio, shows a close genetic affinity with the E_2l_3~b source rocks, while the E_2l_1^(L+M) oil, characterized by lower maturity, Pr/Ph ratio and oleanane/C_(30)-hopane ratio, is suggested to be derived from the E_2l_(1+2)~b source rocks. The homogenization temperatures of aqueous fluid inclusions, taking the burial history of the reservoirs into account, reflect that the oil charge mainly occurred from mid-Miocene to Pliocene in the oblique transfer zone. The oil transporting passages include connected sand bodies, unconformities and faults in the Fushan Sag. Of these, the faults are the most complicated and significant. The faults differ sharply in the west area, the east area and the oblique transfer zone, resulting in different influence on the oil migration and accumulation. During the main hydrocarbon charge stage, the faults in the west area are characterized by bad vertical sealing and spatially dense distribution. As a result, the oil generated by the Huangtong source rocks is mostly lost along the faults during the vertical migration in the west area. This can be the mechanism proposed to explain the little contribution of the Huangtong source rocks to the oil in the oblique transfer zone. Eventually, an oil migration and accumulation model is built in the oblique transfer zone, which may provide theoretical and practical guides for the oil exploration.展开更多
The free electron gas in a uniform magnetic field at low temperature is restudied. The grand partition function previously obtained by Landau＇s quantitative calculation contains three parts, which are all approximate...The free electron gas in a uniform magnetic field at low temperature is restudied. The grand partition function previously obtained by Landau＇s quantitative calculation contains three parts, which are all approximate. An improved calculation is presented, in which two of the three parts are obtained in exact forms. A simple remedy for Landau and Lifshitz＇s qualitative calculation in the textbook is also given, which turns the qualitative result into the same one as obtained by the improved quantitative calculation. The chemical potential is solved approximately and the thermodynamic quantities are caiculated explicitly in both a weak field and a strong field. The thermodynamic quantities in a strong field obtained here contain both non-oscillating and oscillating corrections to the corresponding results derived from Landau＇s grand partition function. In particular, Landau＇s grand partition function is not sufficiently accurate to yield our nonzero results for the specific heat and the entropy. An error in the Laplace-transform method for the problem is corrected. The results previously obtained by this method are also improved.展开更多
Several food companies are implementing effective strategies to evaluate the environmental impacts of their products or processes and to estimate the greenhouse gases emissions （GHG） using a life cycle approach. Par...Several food companies are implementing effective strategies to evaluate the environmental impacts of their products or processes and to estimate the greenhouse gases emissions （GHG） using a life cycle approach. Particularly, a sector which can play an important role to reduce the impact on the environment through the life cycle thinking is the beverage packaging. In this context, the aim of this study was to use the life cycle assessment （LCA） method to investigate the consistency of the preference order across two alternative beverage packages through the application of two impact assessment methods, namely the IPCC 2007 which is focused on the GHG emissions estimation and the EcoIndicator 99 which considers several environmental categories including impact on climate change. The results showed that the life cycle approach employment was a useful strategy to investigate the consistency of the preference order across two beverage packages, especially, whether the results are made more reliable by the utilization of primary data. The investigation on climate change conducted on two level, initially, the quantification of the GHG emissions and secondly the estimation of the related diseases and mortality, demonstrated that the laminated carton presents lower impacts than the high-density polyethylene （HDPE） bottle.展开更多
Quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) is an instrument for effectively determining gaseous composition of fluid inclusion. The gaseous component is extracted from inclusions with thermal decrepitation method and then det...Quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) is an instrument for effectively determining gaseous composition of fluid inclusion. The gaseous component is extracted from inclusions with thermal decrepitation method and then determined with the sensitive QMS instrument. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and high accuracy with the relative standard deviation (RSD,n=6) of less than 3%. It has been successfully used for analyzing fluid inclusions. The analytical results meet the requirement of geological study.展开更多
In view of some of the characteristics of a high-medium pressure gas regulator, such as small fault samples, many fault types and complex fault features etc, in order to improve the accuracy of fault precaution in thi...In view of some of the characteristics of a high-medium pressure gas regulator, such as small fault samples, many fault types and complex fault features etc, in order to improve the accuracy of fault precaution in this paper, a fault diagnosis method based on the combination of the improved wavelet packet and pressure harmonic distortion rate is proposed. On the basis of the harmonic distortion rate of the outlet pressure and the energy value of each frequency band obtained by improved wavelet packet decomposition, the rules for fault data were summarized. Finally, a safety precaution model of the high-medium pressure gas regulator is established.展开更多
基金Project 2003CB214603 supported by the Development Plan of the State Key Fundamental Research, China
文摘The new recently demonstrated reserves of oil and gas in the Ordos basin are found at the top of petroliferous basins in China. Gas pools discovered in recent years in the Permian system have become the main natural gas resource in the basin. Therefore, synthetic research on fluid inclusions should be done in order to ascertain the pool-forming stage, the maturity of organic matters and the properties of Paleo-fluids. The main types of fluid inclusions in the Permian system in the basin include brine inclusions, carbon dioxide inclusions and organic inclusions. Homogenization temperatures （HT） of brine inclusions can be divided into four intervals： 66-83 ℃, 86-108 ℃, 112-138 ℃ and 142-153℃. The fluid inclusions in the interval of 112-138 ℃ are much more than that of other intervals, indicating that the second stage of hydrocarbon migration associated with the third temperature interval is the most important stage of gas pool formations. The fluid inclusion has extensive applications in the study of gas geology, not only in ascertaining the formation stage of gas pools, but also in estimating the maturity of organic matter and restoring Paleo-fluids. The result of testing the HT of brine inclusions shows that there are two stages of gas pool formations in the Permian system occurring ＋150 Ma and ±100 Ma. The maturity of organic matter is moderate to high, a conclusion based on the color of fluid inclusions （radiated by fluorescence）. The high salinity of Paleo-fluids of the NaCI-H2O and CaCl2-H2O systems shows good preservation conditions of the Paleo-fluids. Two stages of reservoir filling, high maturity of organic matter and good preservation conditions are factors favorable for the formation and preservation of large-scale gas pools in the Permian system in the Ordos basin.
文摘In molten phase metallurgical processes,mixing via gas injection has a vital role in obtaining a homogeneous product.The efficiency of mixing depends on operational variables such as gas flow rate and slag height as well as physical properties of the molten phases.A numerical simulation is conducted to study the above parameters in the flow behavior of a bottom-blown bath.The molten metal and the slag are modeled by water and oil,respectively.The numerical results,particularly the mixing time,are validated against experimental data.The results show that mixing time increases as the slag height increases and decreases as the density of the slag material increases.The mixing time decreases with an increase in the density of the primary phase;however,it increases as the surface tension between air and water increases.A case with properties close to a real molten metal is also modeled.The performance of the system is influenced by the momentum rather than the dissipative forces.Thus,the effect of the density of the molten phase on the mixing process is more pronounced compared to the effect of the surface tension between the air and the molten phase.
基金Project(41272122)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The oblique transfer zone in the Fushan Sag, a syndepositional dome sandwiched between the Bailian and Huangtong sub-sags, has been the most important exploration target. The major oil observation occurs in the E_2l_1^(L+M) and the E_2l_3~U. 46 oil and rock samples reveal that the oil in the transfer zone is mostly contributed by the Bailian sub-sag, though the source rock conditions, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion histories of the Bailian and Huangtong sub-sags are similar. The E_2l_3~U oil, characterized by high maturity, Pr/Ph ratio and oleanane/C_(30)-hopane ratio, shows a close genetic affinity with the E_2l_3~b source rocks, while the E_2l_1^(L+M) oil, characterized by lower maturity, Pr/Ph ratio and oleanane/C_(30)-hopane ratio, is suggested to be derived from the E_2l_(1+2)~b source rocks. The homogenization temperatures of aqueous fluid inclusions, taking the burial history of the reservoirs into account, reflect that the oil charge mainly occurred from mid-Miocene to Pliocene in the oblique transfer zone. The oil transporting passages include connected sand bodies, unconformities and faults in the Fushan Sag. Of these, the faults are the most complicated and significant. The faults differ sharply in the west area, the east area and the oblique transfer zone, resulting in different influence on the oil migration and accumulation. During the main hydrocarbon charge stage, the faults in the west area are characterized by bad vertical sealing and spatially dense distribution. As a result, the oil generated by the Huangtong source rocks is mostly lost along the faults during the vertical migration in the west area. This can be the mechanism proposed to explain the little contribution of the Huangtong source rocks to the oil in the oblique transfer zone. Eventually, an oil migration and accumulation model is built in the oblique transfer zone, which may provide theoretical and practical guides for the oil exploration.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.10675174
文摘The free electron gas in a uniform magnetic field at low temperature is restudied. The grand partition function previously obtained by Landau＇s quantitative calculation contains three parts, which are all approximate. An improved calculation is presented, in which two of the three parts are obtained in exact forms. A simple remedy for Landau and Lifshitz＇s qualitative calculation in the textbook is also given, which turns the qualitative result into the same one as obtained by the improved quantitative calculation. The chemical potential is solved approximately and the thermodynamic quantities are caiculated explicitly in both a weak field and a strong field. The thermodynamic quantities in a strong field obtained here contain both non-oscillating and oscillating corrections to the corresponding results derived from Landau＇s grand partition function. In particular, Landau＇s grand partition function is not sufficiently accurate to yield our nonzero results for the specific heat and the entropy. An error in the Laplace-transform method for the problem is corrected. The results previously obtained by this method are also improved.
文摘Several food companies are implementing effective strategies to evaluate the environmental impacts of their products or processes and to estimate the greenhouse gases emissions （GHG） using a life cycle approach. Particularly, a sector which can play an important role to reduce the impact on the environment through the life cycle thinking is the beverage packaging. In this context, the aim of this study was to use the life cycle assessment （LCA） method to investigate the consistency of the preference order across two alternative beverage packages through the application of two impact assessment methods, namely the IPCC 2007 which is focused on the GHG emissions estimation and the EcoIndicator 99 which considers several environmental categories including impact on climate change. The results showed that the life cycle approach employment was a useful strategy to investigate the consistency of the preference order across two beverage packages, especially, whether the results are made more reliable by the utilization of primary data. The investigation on climate change conducted on two level, initially, the quantification of the GHG emissions and secondly the estimation of the related diseases and mortality, demonstrated that the laminated carton presents lower impacts than the high-density polyethylene （HDPE） bottle.
基金This work was supported by Academia Sinica Resource and Environment Project (Grant No.KZ951-B1-404). The experiment and analysis were carried out in the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The authors appreciate Prof. Kuro
文摘Quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) is an instrument for effectively determining gaseous composition of fluid inclusion. The gaseous component is extracted from inclusions with thermal decrepitation method and then determined with the sensitive QMS instrument. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and high accuracy with the relative standard deviation (RSD,n=6) of less than 3%. It has been successfully used for analyzing fluid inclusions. The analytical results meet the requirement of geological study.
基金supported by Science and technology project of Beijing in 2015 from Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission
文摘In view of some of the characteristics of a high-medium pressure gas regulator, such as small fault samples, many fault types and complex fault features etc, in order to improve the accuracy of fault precaution in this paper, a fault diagnosis method based on the combination of the improved wavelet packet and pressure harmonic distortion rate is proposed. On the basis of the harmonic distortion rate of the outlet pressure and the energy value of each frequency band obtained by improved wavelet packet decomposition, the rules for fault data were summarized. Finally, a safety precaution model of the high-medium pressure gas regulator is established.
