物理模拟龙卷风的风速和气压降分布特征

与季风、台风相比,龙卷风具有空间尺度最小、风速最大的特点,常规气象观测仪器无法记录龙卷风的风场信息;到目前为止,极少量的龙卷风风场信息来自于多普勒雷达探测得到的龙卷风风速、气压特征信息。因此,基于龙卷风实测数据尚不能充分研究龙卷风的风场特征。在实验室中,利用缩尺的物理模拟器生成龙卷风风场,研究其风场特点,对于充分认识龙卷风特性具有重要意义。利用北京交通大学龙卷风模拟器生成了5种涡流比的龙卷风风场,总结分析了龙卷风的切向风速、径向风速、竖向风速以及气压降的空间分布规律,与龙卷风实测结果和龙卷风理论模型进行了对比分析。结果表明,利用北京交通大学龙卷风模拟器生成的龙卷风风场与真实龙卷风的形状相似,风速、气压降的分布特点与真实龙卷风实测值和修正兰金涡理论值吻合或基本吻合,验证了龙卷风模拟器的有效性,为进一步研究建筑、桥梁、输电线等基础设施的龙卷风风效应提供了试验平台。

测量微小气压降的微电子传感器

在乌克兰的基辅一家小型企业“CE-HCOP”的O.M.等研究用于测量微小气压降的微电子传感器.他们探讨了高灵敏度微电子热线风速测量传感器的性能,它是用薄膜工艺制作的.传感器能测量在0.004—1500Pa范围的小气压降,或10^(-4)—40ml/s的气流速度.专门研制的传感器仪表模拟变换器在7ms动作速度下,保证在微小气压降区的灵敏度在120mV/Pa水平.自动化的动态工作台使得能够在0.1—500Pa范围内校准传感器.

大气压降膜DBD等离子体去除废水中四环素

水体中抗生素类药物污染主要来源于人体和动物的大量使用,为改善水环境,降低和去除水中抗生素类药物,设计了可进行较大体积水中四环素的有效去除大气压降膜介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge)装置,研究了等离子体对四环素模拟液的降解特性,并分析了其降解机理。结果表明,当初始浓度为100 mg·L^-1,等离子体处理四环素溶液10 min,去除率为90%,化学需氧量去除率为45%,能量效率达到3.16 g·(kWh)^-1。较高的能量效率源自放电产生大量的活性物种(高能电子、离子、自由基等)。采用紫外可见分光光度法和液相色谱-质谱等检测方法对水样进行了分析,当等离子体放电处理2 min后,四环素溶液中开始生成新的物质,随着放电时间的延长,新物质种类和产量也随之逐渐增加,直至水中四环素接近完全降解。研究结果为实现大面积、工业级的有机抗生素废水的处理,保护水生生态环境提供了参考。

复采工作面瓦斯涌出随地表气压变化的相关性分析及对策

以西安矿为例,发现残复采工作面地表气压的突然下降造成井下回风流瓦斯涌出异常增大,且瓦斯异常涌出通常滞后于气压下降3~6 h左右。异常涌出的瓦斯浓度曲线分"极峰"、"波动""波动+极峰"3种类型。分析了地表气压影响井下复采工作面回风流瓦斯浓度的基本原理,认为巷道空气压力的绝对值影响煤孔隙壁上瓦斯的"解吸葑吸附"速度,巷道空气压力的相对变化引起的压力梯度影响煤孔隙和裂隙中瓦斯运移速度。结合实测数据,得出了初始地表气压条件下,残煤复采工作面回风瓦斯浓度随地表气压变化的量化方程。最后根据大气压降对复采面瓦斯涌出的影响原理,提出切断瓦斯向外涌出的通道和抵消大气压降这2种防治思路。

±800kV换流站GIS母线降压主回路绝缘试验分析

针对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟地区冬季气温偏低,±800kV换流站GIS中的SF6气体在低温环境下易液化导致绝缘强度降低的问题,采用母线降气压法,对GIS主回路的绝缘强度进行了试验。试验结果认为将母线压力定为0.24~0.26 MPa,可满足低温运行环境下对GIS绝缘强度的要求,保证GIS安全稳定运行。

3D打印一次表面换热器流动换热性能试验研究

为了研究一次表面换热器的叉流角度和流体流动通道大小对其换热能力及热气压力损失的影响,对不同结构形式的一次表面换热器在各设计工况下的流动及换热特性进行分析,针对3种叉流角度(15°、30°和45°)的大通道和2个小通道(0°和30°)一次表面换热器开展其流动换热性能的试验,试验热气入口温度分别为60、80、100和120℃,热气流量分别为30、40、60和80 kg/h。试验结果表明:不论大、小通道换热器,叉流角度越大,换热器的换热能力越强,热气压降呈递增的趋势;叉流角度同为30°时,小通道换热器的换热能力强于大通道换热器的,但热气压降较大;通道大小对一次换热器流动和换热的影响强于叉流角度对其的影响。借助试验结果对不同叉流角度的一次表面换热器给出热气压降的试验拟合公式,总结了通道大小与换热系数的关系。

Hydrodynamic Behavior in a Rotating Zigzag Bed

As a high gravity(HIGEE)unit,the rotating packed bed(RPB)uses centrifugal force to intensify mass transfer.Zigzag rotating bed(RZB)is a new type of HIGEE unit.The rotor of RZB consists of stationary discs and rotating discs,forming zigzag channels for liquid-gas flow and mass transfer.As in RPBs,some hydrodynamic behavior in RZB is interesting but no satisfactory explanation.In this study,the experiments were carried on in a RZB unit with a rotor of 600 mm in diameter using air-water system.The gas pressure drop and power consumption were measured with two types of rotating baffle for RZB rotors,one with perforations and another with shutter openings. The circumferential velocities of gas were measured with a five-hole Pitot probe.The pressure drop decreased rapidly when the liquid was introduced to the rotor,because the circumferential velocity of the liquid droplets was lower than that of the gas,reducing the circumferential velocity of gas and the centrifugal pressure drop.The power consumption decreased first when the gas entered the RZB rotor,because the gas with higher circumferential velocity facilitates the rotation of baffles.

Measurement and Correlation of Pressure Drop for Gas-Liquid Two-phase Flow in Rectangular Microchannels

The pressure drop of gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannel is of fundamental importance in heat and mass transfer processes. In this work,the pressure drop of gas-liquid two-phase flow in horizontal rectangular cross-section microchannels was measured by a pressure differential transducer system. Water,ethanol and n-propanol were used as liquid phase to study the effects of capillary number on pressure drop;air was used as the gas phase. Four microchannels with various dimensions of 100 μm× 200 μm,100 μm× 400 μm,100 μm× 800 μm and 100 μm× 2000 μm(depth × width) were used for determining the influence of configuration on the pressure drop. Experimental results showed that in micro-scale,the capillary number also affected the pressure drop remarkably,and in spite of only one-fold difference in aspect ratio,the variation of pressure drop reached up to near three times under the same experimental conditions. Taking the effects of aspect ratio and surface tension into account,a modi-fied correlation for Chisholm parameter C in the Chisholm model was proposed for predicting the frictional multi-plier,and the predicted values by the proposed correlation showed a satisfactory agreement with experimental data.

Sedimentation behavior of indoor airborne microparticles

Experiments on the behavior of airborne microparticle sediments and their adhesion on glass slides were conducted in a laboratory located on the first floor of a teaching building. Clean tiles and glass slides were placed at different angles （0°, 45° and 90°） with respect to the horizontal plane in the laboratory. The sedimentation of microparticles was investigated at certain time intervals （1 d, 3 d, l0 d and 30 d）. The results of testing, at day 30, show that the diameters of particles on the horizontal tiles varied from 20 to 80 μm; few particles with diameter less than 0.5 μm or greater than 100 μm were found. The amount of particle sediment on all the slides increased along over time, while the average diameter of particles was not correlated with time, nor with the angle of placement. The maximum particle size, the total particle surface area, the total perimeter of all particles and the cover ratio of light （the proportion of total area of particles to the observed area of the slides surfaces） did not change significantly within the first 10 days. Inspection of all the samples for the last 20 days, however, showed that these variables increased substantially with the passage of time and were in reverse proportion to the placement angles, which indicates a concentration of particles, as well as physical and chemical changes.

A Model for Predicting Holdup and Pressure Drop in Gas- Liquid Stratified Flow

The time-dependent liquid film thickness and pressure drop were measured by using parallel-wire conductance probes and capacitance differential-pressure transducers. Applying the eddy viscosity theory and an appropriate correlation of interfacial sear stress,a new two-dimensional separated model of holdup and pressure drop of turbulent/turbulent gas-liquid stratified flow was presented. Prediction results agreed well with experimental data.

Modeling the pressure drop of wet gas in horizontal pipe

A model for gas–liquid annular and stratified flow through a horizontal pipe is investigated, using the two-phase hydrokinetics theory. Taking into consideration the flow factors including the void fraction, the friction between the two phases and the entrainment in the gas core, the one-dimensional momentum equation for gas has been solved. The differential pressure of the wet gas between the two tapings in the straight pipe has been modeled in the pressure range of 0.1–0.8 MPa. In addition a more objective iteration approach to determine the local void fraction is proposed. Compared with the experimental data, more than 83% deviation of the test data distributed evenly within the band of ± 10%. Since the model is less dependent on the specific empirical apparatus and data,it forms the foundation for further establishing a flow measurement model of wet gas which will produce fewer biases in results when it is extrapolated.

Reducing the Gas Pressure Drop in Suction Mufflers of Hermetic Reciprocating Compressors

The suction muffler of hermetic reciprocating compressors is installed in order to attenuate the noise generated by the gas pulsation of the flow through the suction valve. However, the installation of the suction muffler affects the operation of the compressor owing to gas pressure drop, which causes volumetric and energetic efficiency loss due to the gas specific volume augmentation. Therefore, there is a compromise between sound attenuation and pressure drop increase, which has to be taken into account by compressor designers. In this work, it presents a numerical solution to the flow through a suction muffler in order to analyze the pressure field and point out the main contributions to the overall pressure drop of the flow. A commercial CFD （computational fluid dynamics） code was used to perform the numerical simulations and the results were validated by using experimental data. After analyzing the pressure field, the geometry of the muffler was modified intending to decrease the flow pressure drop. The geometric modification produced a 28% reduction on the overall pressure drop, without influencing the sound attenuation.

A force transfer mechanism for triggering landslides during rainfall infiltration

Shallow slope failures induced by rainfall infiltration occur frequently, and the relevant triggering mechanisms have been widely studied.Rainfall-induced landslides are widely recognized to be caused by increases in soil weight, seepage force and pore water pressure or decreases in soil mechanical properties. However, even when all these factors are considered, some landslides still cannot be explained well. The increased pore water pressure in a slope reduces the effective stress of the soil and may trigger slope failure. Similarly, the pore gas pressure in a slope also reduces the effective stress of the soil but has been neglected in previous studies. As the viscosity of air is nearly negligible when compared with that of water, the pore gas pressure spreads faster, and its influence is wider, which is harmful for the stability of the slope. In this paper, the effects of pore gas pressure are considered in a shallow slope stability analysis, and a self-designed experiment is conducted to validate the force transfer mechanism.Numerical simulation results show that the pore gas pressure in the slope increases sharply at different locations under heavy rainfall conditions and that the pore gas pressure causes a rapid decrease in the slope safety factor. Laboratory experimental results show that the pore gas pressure throughout the whole unsaturated zone has the same value, which indicates that the gas pressure could spread quickly to the whole sample.

A Model of Turbulent-Laminar Gas-Liquid Stratified Flow

The time-dependent liquid film thickness and pressure drop are measured by using parallel-wire conduc tance probes and capacitance differential-pressure transducer. A mathematical model with iterative procedure to calculate holdup and pressure drop in horizontal and inclined gas-liquid stratified flow is developed. The predictions agree well with over a hundred experimental data in 0.024 and 0.04 m diameter pipelines.

Pressure drop of the film-enlarged tube bundles in air-water two-phase cross flow in evaporative air cooler

An experiment was carried out to investigate the relation of the maximum velocity of air passing through narrowest passage, mass flux of spray water in one square meter in one hour and the pressure drop of tube bundles. Twelve equations were obtained for the relation. The results show that the pressure drop of the tube bundles increases with increase of the maximum velocity of air and the mass flux of spray water. Comparing the pressure drop of the bare tube bundles with that of the film-enhanced tube bundles, it is found that the pressure drop of the film-enhanced tube bundles is lower about 11% and the surface roughness of the film-enhanced plates is a main factor that influences the pressure drop. The data and method obtained in the paper can be used to compute the pressure drop of the film-enhanced tube bundles and is helpful for selection of fan.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ENSO AND ITS INFLUENCE ON RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINY SEASON IN FUJIAN

Relationship between the variations of West Pacific subtropical high indices in the summer half of the year and preceding SST in North Pacific was examined based on a data set of 1951 2000. The correlation between the subtropical high indices and preceding SST in the equatorial East Pacific was the strongest among the others, and has great persistency from last autumn to spring. It is indicated that ENSO events appeared about six months earlier than the change of the subtropical high activities, and the subtropical high intensities enhanced (weakened) and western ridge point was westward (eastward) in the year of El Nino (La Nina) events. It was also observed that there were similar interdecadal oscillation and abrupt variations between Nino3 SST, subtropical high intensities and rainfall of rainy season in Fujian. Therefore, experiments were made on rainfall distribution of rainy season in Fujian. The results showed that the distribution was directly affected by the subtropical high activities, pronouncedly caused by ENSO effect.

Pore-scale visualization on a depressurization-induced CO2 exsolution

The pore-scale behavior of the exsolved CO_2 phase during the depressurization process in CO_2 geological storage was investigated.The reservoir pressure decreases when the injection stops or when a leaking event or fluid extraction occurs.The exsolution characteristics of CO_2 affect the migration and fate of CO_2 in the storage site significantly.Here,a micromodel experimental system that can accommodate a large pressure variation provides a physical model with homogeneous porous media to dynamically visualize the nucleation and growth of exsolved CO_2 bubbles.The pressure decreased from 9.85 to 3.95 MPa at different temperatures and depressurization rates,and the behavior of CO_2 bubbles was recorded.At the pore-scale,the nuclei became observable when the CO_2 phase density was significantly reduced,and the pressure corresponding to this observation was slightly lower than that of the severe expansion pressure region.The lower temperature and faster depressurization rate produced more CO_2 nuclei.The exsolved CO_2 bubble preferentially grew into the pore body instead of the throat.The progress of smaller CO_2 bubbles merging into a larger CO_2 bubble was first captured,which validated the existence of the Ostwald ripening mechanism.The dispersed CO_2 phase after exsolution shows similarity with the residually trapped CO_2.This observation is consistent with the low mobility and high residual trapping ratio of exsolved CO_2 measured in the core-scale measurement,which is considered to be a self-sealing mechanism during depressurization process in CO_2 geological storage.

Control of Collection Efficiency for Axial Flow Cyclone Dust Collectors with Fixed Guide Vanes and with Funnel Shaped Exit Pipes

The experimental result of the collection efficiency of the axial flow cyclone with the fixed guide vanes is lower than that with the tangential inlet pipe to the cyclone body due to the weak angular momentum transfer given by flowing through the guide vanes. However, one of the interesting points is the control of the collection efficiency depended on the funnel shaped exit pipes. The collection efficiencies for these funnel shaped exit pipes are depended on the Froude number. Then, in this paper, the experimental results of the pressure drop and also the collection efficiency using the fly-ash particles and also the comparison of the calculated results of the collection efficiency with the experimental results are described i~ detail.

OWC air chamber performance prediction under impulse turbine damping effects

Oscillating water columns(OWCs)are most widely used in coastal wave energy conversion.The air duct opens into the atmosphere through the air turbine,which is the power take-off device,and this results in a pressure drop across the air chamber.However,because of the complex configure of the impulse turbine and its high rotation speed,it is difficult to install it in the experimental simulator and numerical model.Therefore,the turbine damping effects on the operation of the OWC air chamber are induced to predict its performance more accurately.Orifice plates are used as a substitute for the impulse turbine as it generates a similar pressure drop and power output;the experimental and numerical pressure drops and output powers are compared.A 3D numerical wave tank based on the two-phase VOF model is established using the commercial CFD code Fluent,which can predict air flow and pressure variations in the chamber and duct.Water surface elevations,air flow velocity and pressure variation inside the chamber with the orifice plate are studied numerically,and validated by the corresponding experimental data.The air chamber of the Yongsoo OWC pilot plant is used as the engineering project case.The operating performance of the air chamber installed with a 0.428D orifice plate as the substitute for the designed impulse turbine is computed and analyzed.It is found that the turbine damping effects will cause around 30%reduction in the peak values of the pneumatic energy output of the OWC air chamber in the resonant wave domain.

The effect of evaporator operating parameters on the flow patterns inside horizontal pipes

A general and simple model for simulating the steady state behaviors of Mr-m-refrigerant fin-and-tube evaporator is introduced with the focus on the detailed flow patterns inside the tubes. In order to simulate the heat transfer between air and the working fluid, the evaporator is divided into a number of control volumes. Empirical correlations from literature were also adopted to estimate the void fraction, the internal and external heat transfer coefficients, and the pressure drops. Simulations were performed to study the effects of varying inlet air temperature, refrigerant mass flow rate and evaporation pressure on the flow patterns inside the horizontal pipe of the evaporator. The simulation results indicate that the proposed model can be used to predict flow patterns well. The predicted results of the model agree well with experimental results, the difference is within ±3% for the cooling capacity, and is within ±0.2% for refrigerant evaporation temperature.