Based on analysis of energy dissipation in the core region of gas-solid fluidized bed risers, a simplified model for determination of core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was developed according to turbulent ...Based on analysis of energy dissipation in the core region of gas-solid fluidized bed risers, a simplified model for determination of core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was developed according to turbulent diffusion mechanism of particles. The simulation results are consistent with published experimental data. Core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient decreases with increasing particle size, particle density and solids circulation rate,but generally increases with increasing superficial gas velocity and riser diameter. In the upper dilute region of gas-solid fluidized bed risers, core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was found to change little with the axial coordinate in the bed.展开更多
In this study, two types of pre-distributors (nonuniform-pores and dual-baffle)for the combined solids-liquid distributor in gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger, were designed and the characteris...In this study, two types of pre-distributors (nonuniform-pores and dual-baffle)for the combined solids-liquid distributor in gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger, were designed and the characteristics of particles distribution was compared. In the experiments, the sampling method was used to measure local solids flux and a U shape pipe was used to measure static pressure drop in the lower pipe box.The effects of different superficial liquid velocities and liquid viscosities on the parameters mentioned above were investigated.The degree of distribution of local solids flux in exchanger pipe was evaluated by the non-uniformity function.The results showed that the two types of pre-distributors were both suitable for gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger at a lower static pressure drop in the lower pipe box.Compared with the nonuniform-pores pre-distributor, the dual-baffle pre-distributor showed better performance.展开更多
A three-dimensional model for gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB) riser was developed based on computational particle fluid dynamics(CPFD).The model was used to simulate the gas-solid flow behavior insi...A three-dimensional model for gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB) riser was developed based on computational particle fluid dynamics(CPFD).The model was used to simulate the gas-solid flow behavior inside a circulating fluidized bed riser operating at various superficial gas velocities and solids mass fluxes in two fluidization regimes,a dilute phase transport(DPT) regime and a fast fluidization(FF) regime.The simulation results were evaluated based on comparison with experimental data of solids velocity and holdup,obtained from non-invasive automated radioactive particle tracking and gamma-ray tomography techniques,respectively.The agreement of the predicted solids velocity and holdup with experimental data validated the CPFD model for the CFB riser.The model predicted the main features of the gas-solid flows in the two regimes;the uniform dilute phase in the DPT regime,and the coexistence of the dilute phase in the upper region and the dense phase in the lower region in the FF regime.The clustering and solids back mixing in the FF regime were stronger than those in the DPT regime.展开更多
A high-density, high-flux circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser (100 mm in ID and 10.614 m in height) was applied in a wide range of operating conditions (with solid fluxes up to 400 kg/m2s and superficial gas velocit...A high-density, high-flux circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser (100 mm in ID and 10.614 m in height) was applied in a wide range of operating conditions (with solid fluxes up to 400 kg/m2s and superficial gas velocities up to 12 m/s) to examine its radial non-uniformity dynamics. The solids holdup was determined through the use of a fiber-optic probe at 11 axial levels. The results indicated that under all operating conditions, the high superficial gas velocity and low solid fluxes maintained a low radial non-uniformity index (RNI). The high-density/flux CFB riser had several unique characteristics, so that the peak of the radial solids holdup profile occurred at a position with r/R=0.8. The RNI and solids holdup at the cross-sectional position had a good logarithmic relationship at the low-density condition (with a mean solids holdup of <0.2), and the RNI decreased when the mean solids holdup exceeded 0.2. Investigation of the dynamics of stratified injection revealed that the feed ratio had an important effect on Gs and on solids holdup distribution. A novel "<" shaped axial solids holdup profile was found. Gs decreased sharply when the up-flow feed ratio exceeded 0.5, and RNI was lowest when the up-flow feed ratio was 1.展开更多
Gas-solid flow in circulating fluidized bed(CFB) risers depends not only on operating conditions but also on exit configurations.Few studies investigated the effects of exit configurations on flow structure using comp...Gas-solid flow in circulating fluidized bed(CFB) risers depends not only on operating conditions but also on exit configurations.Few studies investigated the effects of exit configurations on flow structure using computational fluid dynamics(CFD).This paper provides a 2D two-fluid model to simulate a cold bench-scale square cross-section riser with smooth and T-abrupt exits.The drag force between the gas and solid phases plays an important role in CFD.Since the drag force model based on homogeneous twophase flow,such as the Wen-Yu correlation,could not capture the heterogeneous structures in gas-solid f;ow,the structure-dependent energy-minimization multi-scale(EMMS) drag force model(Wang,Ge,& Li,2008),applicable for Geldart B particles(sand),was integrated into the two-fluid model.The calculated axial solids hold-up profiles were respectively exponential curve for smooth exit and C-shaped curve for T-abrupt exit,both consistent with experimental data.This study once again proves the key role of drag force in CFD simulation and also shows the validity of CFD simulation(two-fluid model) to describe exit effects on gas-solid flow in CFB risers.展开更多
A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling of the gas-solids two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB) riser is carried out. The Eularian-Eularian method with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to ...A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling of the gas-solids two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB) riser is carried out. The Eularian-Eularian method with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to solve the gas-solids two-phase flow in the CFB riser. The wall boundary condition of the riser is defined based on the Johnson and Jackson wall boundary theory(Johnson & Jackson, 1987) with specularity coefficient and particle-wall restitution coefficient. The numerical results show that these two coefficients' n the wall boundary condition play a major role in the predicted solids lateral velocity, which affects the solid particle distribution in the CFB riser. And the effect of each of the two coefficients on the solids distribution also depends on the other one. The generality of the CFD model is further validated under different operating conditions of the CFB riser.展开更多
A fluid dynamic model for a gas-solid circulating fluidized bed(CFB) designed using two coupled riser reactors is developed and implemented numerically with code programmed in Matlab.The fluid dynamic model contains h...A fluid dynamic model for a gas-solid circulating fluidized bed(CFB) designed using two coupled riser reactors is developed and implemented numerically with code programmed in Matlab.The fluid dynamic model contains heat and species mass balances to calculate temperatures and compositions for a carbonation/calcination loop process.Because of the high computational costs required to resolve the three-dimensional phenomena,a model representing a trade-off between computational time requirements and accuracy is developed.For dynamic processes with a solid flux between the two reactor units that depends on the fluid dynamics of both risers,a dynamic one-dimensional two-fluid model is sufficient.A two-fluid model using the constant particle viscosity closure for the stress term is used for the solid phase,and an algebraic turbulence model is applied to the gas phase.The numerical model implementation is based on the finite volume method with a staggered grid scheme.The exchange of solids between the reactor units constituting the circulating fluidized bed(solid flux) is implemented through additional mass source/sink terms in the continuity equations of the two phases.For model validation,a relevant experimental analysis provided in the literature is reproduced by the numerical simulations.The numerical analysis indicates that sufficient heat integration between the two reactor units is important for the performance of the circulating fluidized bed system.The two-fluid model performs fairly well for this chemical process operated in a CFB designed as two coupled riser reactors.Further analysis and optimization of the solution algorithms and the reactor coupling strategy is warranted.展开更多
Scale up of gas-solid circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers poses many challenges to researchers.In this paper,CFD investigation of hydrodynamic scaling laws for gas-solid riser flow was attempted on the basis of two...Scale up of gas-solid circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers poses many challenges to researchers.In this paper,CFD investigation of hydrodynamic scaling laws for gas-solid riser flow was attempted on the basis of two-fluid model simulations,in particular,the recently developed empirical scaling law of Qi,Zhu,and Huang (2008).A 3D computational model with periodic boundaries was used to perform numerical experiments and to study the effect of various system and operating parameters in hydrodynamic scaling of riser flow.The Qi scaling ratio was found to ensure similarity in global parameters like overall crosssectional average solid holdup or pressure drop gradient.However,similarity in local flow profiles was not observed for all the test cases.The present work also highlighted the significance of error bars in reporting experimental values.展开更多
文摘Based on analysis of energy dissipation in the core region of gas-solid fluidized bed risers, a simplified model for determination of core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was developed according to turbulent diffusion mechanism of particles. The simulation results are consistent with published experimental data. Core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient decreases with increasing particle size, particle density and solids circulation rate,but generally increases with increasing superficial gas velocity and riser diameter. In the upper dilute region of gas-solid fluidized bed risers, core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was found to change little with the axial coordinate in the bed.
文摘In this study, two types of pre-distributors (nonuniform-pores and dual-baffle)for the combined solids-liquid distributor in gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger, were designed and the characteristics of particles distribution was compared. In the experiments, the sampling method was used to measure local solids flux and a U shape pipe was used to measure static pressure drop in the lower pipe box.The effects of different superficial liquid velocities and liquid viscosities on the parameters mentioned above were investigated.The degree of distribution of local solids flux in exchanger pipe was evaluated by the non-uniformity function.The results showed that the two types of pre-distributors were both suitable for gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger at a lower static pressure drop in the lower pipe box.Compared with the nonuniform-pores pre-distributor, the dual-baffle pre-distributor showed better performance.
基金support by the National Basic Research Program (Grant No. 2010CB226906,and 2012CB215000)
文摘A three-dimensional model for gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB) riser was developed based on computational particle fluid dynamics(CPFD).The model was used to simulate the gas-solid flow behavior inside a circulating fluidized bed riser operating at various superficial gas velocities and solids mass fluxes in two fluidization regimes,a dilute phase transport(DPT) regime and a fast fluidization(FF) regime.The simulation results were evaluated based on comparison with experimental data of solids velocity and holdup,obtained from non-invasive automated radioactive particle tracking and gamma-ray tomography techniques,respectively.The agreement of the predicted solids velocity and holdup with experimental data validated the CPFD model for the CFB riser.The model predicted the main features of the gas-solid flows in the two regimes;the uniform dilute phase in the DPT regime,and the coexistence of the dilute phase in the upper region and the dense phase in the lower region in the FF regime.The clustering and solids back mixing in the FF regime were stronger than those in the DPT regime.
基金the financial support of the National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program) of China (no. 2012CB215000)
文摘A high-density, high-flux circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser (100 mm in ID and 10.614 m in height) was applied in a wide range of operating conditions (with solid fluxes up to 400 kg/m2s and superficial gas velocities up to 12 m/s) to examine its radial non-uniformity dynamics. The solids holdup was determined through the use of a fiber-optic probe at 11 axial levels. The results indicated that under all operating conditions, the high superficial gas velocity and low solid fluxes maintained a low radial non-uniformity index (RNI). The high-density/flux CFB riser had several unique characteristics, so that the peak of the radial solids holdup profile occurred at a position with r/R=0.8. The RNI and solids holdup at the cross-sectional position had a good logarithmic relationship at the low-density condition (with a mean solids holdup of <0.2), and the RNI decreased when the mean solids holdup exceeded 0.2. Investigation of the dynamics of stratified injection revealed that the feed ratio had an important effect on Gs and on solids holdup distribution. A novel "<" shaped axial solids holdup profile was found. Gs decreased sharply when the up-flow feed ratio exceeded 0.5, and RNI was lowest when the up-flow feed ratio was 1.
基金supported by National High-tech Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2006AA05A103
文摘Gas-solid flow in circulating fluidized bed(CFB) risers depends not only on operating conditions but also on exit configurations.Few studies investigated the effects of exit configurations on flow structure using computational fluid dynamics(CFD).This paper provides a 2D two-fluid model to simulate a cold bench-scale square cross-section riser with smooth and T-abrupt exits.The drag force between the gas and solid phases plays an important role in CFD.Since the drag force model based on homogeneous twophase flow,such as the Wen-Yu correlation,could not capture the heterogeneous structures in gas-solid f;ow,the structure-dependent energy-minimization multi-scale(EMMS) drag force model(Wang,Ge,& Li,2008),applicable for Geldart B particles(sand),was integrated into the two-fluid model.The calculated axial solids hold-up profiles were respectively exponential curve for smooth exit and C-shaped curve for T-abrupt exit,both consistent with experimental data.This study once again proves the key role of drag force in CFD simulation and also shows the validity of CFD simulation(two-fluid model) to describe exit effects on gas-solid flow in CFB risers.
文摘A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling of the gas-solids two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB) riser is carried out. The Eularian-Eularian method with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to solve the gas-solids two-phase flow in the CFB riser. The wall boundary condition of the riser is defined based on the Johnson and Jackson wall boundary theory(Johnson & Jackson, 1987) with specularity coefficient and particle-wall restitution coefficient. The numerical results show that these two coefficients' n the wall boundary condition play a major role in the predicted solids lateral velocity, which affects the solid particle distribution in the CFB riser. And the effect of each of the two coefficients on the solids distribution also depends on the other one. The generality of the CFD model is further validated under different operating conditions of the CFB riser.
基金support from the BIGCCS Centre,performed under the Norwegian Research Program Centers for Environment-Friendly Energy Research(FME)
文摘A fluid dynamic model for a gas-solid circulating fluidized bed(CFB) designed using two coupled riser reactors is developed and implemented numerically with code programmed in Matlab.The fluid dynamic model contains heat and species mass balances to calculate temperatures and compositions for a carbonation/calcination loop process.Because of the high computational costs required to resolve the three-dimensional phenomena,a model representing a trade-off between computational time requirements and accuracy is developed.For dynamic processes with a solid flux between the two reactor units that depends on the fluid dynamics of both risers,a dynamic one-dimensional two-fluid model is sufficient.A two-fluid model using the constant particle viscosity closure for the stress term is used for the solid phase,and an algebraic turbulence model is applied to the gas phase.The numerical model implementation is based on the finite volume method with a staggered grid scheme.The exchange of solids between the reactor units constituting the circulating fluidized bed(solid flux) is implemented through additional mass source/sink terms in the continuity equations of the two phases.For model validation,a relevant experimental analysis provided in the literature is reproduced by the numerical simulations.The numerical analysis indicates that sufficient heat integration between the two reactor units is important for the performance of the circulating fluidized bed system.The two-fluid model performs fairly well for this chemical process operated in a CFB designed as two coupled riser reactors.Further analysis and optimization of the solution algorithms and the reactor coupling strategy is warranted.
基金the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,India,for grant of GATE-JRF-SRF research fellowship
文摘Scale up of gas-solid circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers poses many challenges to researchers.In this paper,CFD investigation of hydrodynamic scaling laws for gas-solid riser flow was attempted on the basis of two-fluid model simulations,in particular,the recently developed empirical scaling law of Qi,Zhu,and Huang (2008).A 3D computational model with periodic boundaries was used to perform numerical experiments and to study the effect of various system and operating parameters in hydrodynamic scaling of riser flow.The Qi scaling ratio was found to ensure similarity in global parameters like overall crosssectional average solid holdup or pressure drop gradient.However,similarity in local flow profiles was not observed for all the test cases.The present work also highlighted the significance of error bars in reporting experimental values.
