从气概念谈中医名词术语翻译的特殊性及翻译原则

本文通过探讨译者在翻译时应正确认识中医中的气概念的重要性,认为中医名词术语翻译有其特殊性,因而在介绍和翻译中医药学时,译者要充分了解中医药体系的基本特点,掌握中医名词术语的真正内涵并根据其特点和原则进行翻译来保持中医药固有的独特性。

从语言学的角度浅析中医“气”概念的生成

在中医庞大复杂的概念群之中,"气"概念是最为重要的元概念之一。希望以认知语言学的经典理论为基础,通过梳理汉语单音节词"气"的意义演变来分析中医"气"概念的形成与发展。

从“臭”的词义演变看“气味”概念域词汇系统的古今差异

关于"臭"由气味义缩小为臭味义的完成时间及演变原因,学界有不同的看法。我们采用定量分析与定性分析相结合的方法,发现战国末期开始出现"臭"表恶臭义的用例,东汉时期,"臭"的恶臭义已经成为其主导义位。"臭"的词义演变与"香"的变化密切相关,是词义互相影响、共同发展的结果:由于"香"由谷物熟后的气味演变为了芳香的气味,"香""臭"从上下位关系变成了具有反义关系的同位词;东汉时期,"修饰或限定成分+香"式偏正复合词表示各种不同香气的用法已经大量出现,在类推机制的作用下,到南北朝时期,表示各种不同的臭气也开始采用此种格式。"臭""香"的词义演变导致"气味"概念域的词汇系统发生了显著变化,一是其层级结构由两级变为了三级;二是偏正式复合词取代单音词成为表达各类下位气味概念的主要形式。

论哲学之气与中医之气的分殊

气的概念在中国文化中有物理、生理、心理、伦理、哲理等多重含义。中医学在吸收融会哲学之气的基础上形成了自身独特的气学理论。中国哲学和中医学皆是从生命的角度认识气,但哲学之气与中医之气在以气论自然、以气论身心、以气论情及以气论德等方面体现出诸多不同。气是彰显中华文化特质的概念,当前传承发展中医药事业亟需正本清源、返本开新,只有立足于气的理论,考辨其历史源流,厘清其核心要义,才能从根本上阐明中医药学的“真正优势”,为中医在当代的发展拨开“偏见”的迷雾、扫清“玄虚”的障碍,从理论上推动中医药学的创造性转化与创新性发展。

学术研究呼唤平等与善良——答李存山教授

拙著《中国气论哲学研究》一书致力于摆脱西方权力话语的逼迫 ,探究中国哲学范畴独创性的文化品格。全书的基本观点为 :中西哲学存在着形态上的差异。中国文化从来就不存在所谓经验世界之外还存在着一个相对独立的逻辑世界 ,那种与经验世界相分离或先于经验世界而独立存在的本体论 ,在中国哲学中找不到 ;那种具有“绝对的纯粹形式”的“纯粹概念” ,也是与中国哲学绝缘的。《学术界》2 0 0 3年第 6期刊登的李存山《“前哲学概念”的“气论哲学研究”》一文已远远超出了正常学术研究的范围。这种颠倒黑白、恶语中伤人的行为 ,令人深思。

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPT MODEL OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA AND ITS APPLICATION

Based on the geographical circumstance, climate and the boundary layer meteorology features of the Pearl River Delta, a boundary layer concept model of the Pearl River Delta was built. The concept model consists of four fundamental factors that affect the boundary layer meteorology of the Pearl River Delta and can convincingly explain the reason of the air quality change in the Pearl River Delta. The model can be used to the diffusion capability analysis, the air pollution potential forecasting or haze forecasting, etc.

A Novel Process for Natural Gas Liquids Recovery from Oil Field Associated Gas with Liquefied Natural Gas Cryogenic Energy Utilization

A novel process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG)cryogenic energy utilization is proposed.Compared to the current electric refrigeration process,the proposed process uses the cryogenic energy of LNG and saves 62.6%of electricity.The proposed process recovers ethane, liquid petroleum gas(propane and butane)and heavier hydrocarbons,with total recovery rate of natural gas liquids up to 96.8%.In this paper,exergy analysis and the energy utilization diagram method(EUD)are used to assess the new process and identify the key operation units with large exergy loss.The results show that exergy efficiency of the new process is 44.3%.Compared to the electric refrigeration process,exergy efficiency of the new process is improved by 16%.The proposed process has been applied and implemented in a conceptual design scheme of the cryogenic energy utilization for a 300 million tons/yr LNG receiving terminal in a northern Chinese harbor.

Conceptual Framework for Calculation of Climate Performance with Pre-verified LCA-Tools

This article proposes the use of current European standards and verification rules for EPDs （environmental product declarations） as a basis for evaluating the climate impact of contractors＇ alternative designs of infrastructural projects. The proposed conceptual framework for verified climate calculations is based on the Swedish-based, the International EPD System. Several Swedish and Norwegian stakeholders were engaged in this joint project to understand driving forces and obstacles and provide key insights for the successful implementation of the framework for a transparent and comparable assessment of climate impact from alternative design options. In order to perform a sharp test of some main hypothesizes, the project participants tested the proposed framework in bridge and roads projects.

Conceptual Design and Aerodynamic Study of Joined-Wing Business Jet Aircraft

The concept of joined-wing aircraft with nonplanar wings as conceived and patented by Wolkovitch is attractive due to various advantages such as light weight, high stiffness, low induced drag, high trimmed CLmax, reduced wetted area and parasite drag and good stability and control, which have been supported by independent analyses, design studies and wind tunnel tests. With such foreseen advantages, the present work is carried out to design joined-wing business-jet aircraft and study and investigate its advantages and benefits as compared to the current available conventional business jet of similar size, passenger and payload capacity. In particular, the work searches for a conceptual design of joined-wing configured business-jet aircraft that possesses more superior characteristics and better aerodynamic performance in terms of increased lift and reduced drag, and lighter than the conventional business jet of similar size. Another significant objective of this work is to prove that the added rigidity possessed by the joined wing configuration can contribute to weight reduction.

Conceptual Design of a Sugar Cane Biomass Gasifier Using CSFMB Model

Since 1978, Brazil has invested into bio-fuels alternatives, especially ethanol from sugar-cane processing and that has increased the bagasse production, which requires proper destination and a potential use of such biomass is the gasification process. In the present study, a conceptual design of a gasification system to convert sugar cane bagasse into syngas is presented, which considers air as gasification agent in a flexible configuration of bubbling fluidized bed reactor operating from atmospheric pressure up to 2 MPa, providing a net power output （referred at gas cold conditions） of 3 MWt and 66 MWt, respectively. In this last case, the gas may be used not just as a fuel for gas turbines and internal combustion engines for power generation but also to feed Fischer-Tropsch processes. The optimized conceptual design of the gasifier is described here and was achieved using the CSFMB （Comprehensive Simulator of Fluidized and Moving Bed Equipment）. Simulations predicted the production of gas with high heating value as well stable operations at both conditions. The conceptual design would be followed by the detailed one and construction. Tests would be carried in the near future and would allow direct comparison between the calculated and experimental results.

About Feasibility of a 5th Generation Light Fighter Aircraft

The paper aimed to illustrate an idea about the feasibility of a peculiar aircraft, i.e., a 5th generation light fighter. At first, a short description of previous ＂generations＂ of jet fighter is given, introducing the interest that has always been originated by the concept of＂light fighter＂ for every of the first four fighter generations. The derivation of the first idea of a new 5th generation light fighter is then described. Then to further investigate the feasibility of idea, a conceptual design study has been driven up by utilizing peculiar tools, both for quantitative and qualitative （i.e., the aircraft layout definition） evaluations. With the further support of preliminary study of subsystems, the result shows the feasibility of the concept.

RESEARCH ON SCHEME OF HIGH-SPEED ROTOR／WING TRANSITION HELICOPTER RD15

To analyze the existing schemes of high-speed rotorcrafts and some new technologies, a new conceptual sketch of the high-speed rotor/wing transition helicopter RD15 is proposed. The overall layout of the RD15 is given out and the transition process from the helicopter mode to the airplane mode is designed. The lift system consists of a circular disk-wing with four retractable blades. The technology of individual blade control is adopted for flight control in hover and low speed flight. The tail is a vectored thrust duct propeller. It can provide the anti-torque in hover, and offer the multi-directional controls and propulsion drive for the airplane mode flight. The aerodynamic characteristics and key technologies in the transition process for this layout, including the nose up angle of disk-wing, the length of the blade, rotation speed, pitch angle and other parameters, are theoretically ana lyzed and experimentally tested. Calculation and experiments show that the shift process of the lift, the power and controls are smooth, and the designed scheme is feasible.

Countermeasures of adaptation to climate change:establishment and application for implementation matrix

In the conceptual framework of adaptation policy assessment to climate change, adaptation measures can be categorized as two groups：facilitation and implementation. Facilitation measures refers to activities that enhance adaptive capacity, while implementation refers to activities that actually avoid adverse climate impacts on a system by reducing its exposure or sensitivity to climatic hazards, or by moderating relevant non-climatic factors. This paper aims to establish a matrix of implementation measures of adaptation to climate change, through four different ways how adaptation can influencc the relevant elements of climate change. reducing the exposure, reducing the sensitivity, alleviating the adverse impacts and reducing the negative non-climatic factors, and then further discuss the particular implementation measures of adaptation to climate change, through application studies on the selected sub-systems, intend to organize the disordered implementation measures in existent, and put forward some new measures under the guidance of this matrix, which could enrich and promote the system and content of implementation measures of adaptation.

Raising the Stake of Global Warming and Climate Change in Nigeria Media： Implications for Development

The elements that mid-wife news and editorial contents remain： what, who, where, when, why, and how, typical of Lasswell＇s （1948） conceptual model of communication. The operational actualization of this in theory and practice exemplifies a paradigm of news and other editorial contents reporting slant that pays more attention to dramatizing events and incidents, at best exacerbating, psychologically, panic, apprehension, and tension, but hardly focusing on solution to critical situation in society. However, journalism may not always be about the curses; it could be about cures, particularly in regard to climate change/global warming issues in developing economies like Africa＇s. Hence, the thrust of this paper is a strong advocacy for curative journalism that should issue from a well fed body of science-based information on how to adapt to the menace of global warming palaver in developing nations of the world, especially Nigeria. It advances that new media scientific journalism that could benefit society should do more of probing solution rather than concentrate on the throes： the former acting as an anti-depressant journalism instead of a hopeless journalism.

Effect of Soil Water Repellency on Energy Partitioning Between Soil and Atmosphere:A Conceptual Approach

Water repellency(WR) is a phenomenon known from many soils around the world and can occur in arid as well as in humid climates;few studies,however,have examined the effect of soil WR on the soil-plant-atmosphere energy balance.The aim of our study was to estimate the effects of soil WR on the calculated soil-atmosphere energy balance,using a solely model-based approach.We made out evapotranspiration to have the largest influence on the energy balance;therefore the effect of WR on actual evapotranspiration was assessed.To achieve this we used climate data and measured soil hydraulic properties of a potentially water-repellent sandy soil from a site near Berlin,Germany.A numerical 1D soil water balance model in which WR was incorporated in a straightforward way was applied,using the effective cross section concept.Simulations were carried out with vegetated soil and bare soil.The simulation results showed a reduction in evapotranspiration of 30-300 mm year^(-1)(9%-76%) at different degrees of WR compared to completely wettable soil,depending on the severity degree of soil WR.The energy that is not being transported away by water vapor(i.e.,due to reduced evapotranspiration) had to be transformed into other parts of the energy balance and thus would influence the local climate.

Conceptual Design for a Kerosene Fuel-rich Gas-generator of a Turbopump-fed Liquid Rocket Engine

A design method for a kerosene fuel-rich gas-generator of a liquid rocket engine using turbopumps to supply propellant was performed at a conceptual level. The gas-generator creates hot gases, enabling the turbine to operate the turbopumps. A chemical non-equilibrium analysis and a droplet vaporization model were used for the estimation of the burnt gas properties and characteristic chamber length. A premixed counter-flow flame analysis was performed for the prediction of the burnt gas properties, namely the temperature, the specific heat ratio and heat capacity, and the chemical reaction time. To predict the vaporization time, the Spalding model, using a single droplet in convective condition, was used. The minimum residence time in the chamber and the characteristic length were calculated by adding the reaction time and the vaporization time. Using the characteristic length, the design methods for the fuel-rich gas-generator were established. Finally, a parametric study was achieved for the effects of the O/F ratio, mass flow rate, chamber pressure, initial droplet temperature, initial droplet diameter and initial droplet velocity.

Conceptual design and aerodynamic evaluation of hypersonic airplane with double flanking air inlets

To aim at design requirements of high lift-to-drag ratio as well as high volumetric efficiency of next generation hypersonic airplanes,a body-wing-blending configuration with double flanking air inlets layout is presented.Moreover,a novel forebody design methodology which by rotating and assembling two waverider-based surfaces is firstly introduced in this paper.Some typical configurations are designed and their aerodynamic performances are evaluated by computational fluid dynamics.The results for forebodies analysis show that large volumetric efficiency,high lift-to-drag ratio,and uniformly distributed flowfield at the inlet cross section can be assured simultaneously.Furthermore,results of numerical simulation of four integrated configurations with various leading edge shapes,including three power-law curves and a cosine curve clearly show the advantage of high lift-to-drag ratio.Besides,the high pressure generated by the side wall of the airframe can be partly captured by the reasonably designed wings in the condition of small flight attack angle.Then the order of lift-to-drag ratio of four configurations at 0 degree flight attack angle is completely different from the condition of 4-degree flight attack angle.This result demonstrates that the curve shape of the leading edge is very important for the lift-to-drag ratio of the aircraft,and it should be further optimized under the cruising attack angle in future work.

Reconstruction of Conceptual Prediction Model for the Three Rainfall Patterns in the summer of eastern China under global warming

With the influence of global warming,the global climate has undergone significant inter-decadal variation since the late 1970s.Although El Nio-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)has been the strongest signal for predicting global climate inter-annual variability,its relation with the summer rainfall in China has significantly changed,and its indicative function on the summer rainfall in China has weakened.This has led to a significant decrease in the accuracy rate of early conceptual prediction models for the Three Rainfall Patterns in the summer of eastern China.On the basis of the difference analysis of atmospheric circulation system configuration in summer,as well as the interaction of ocean and atmospheric in previous winter between two phases,i.e.before and after the significant global warming(1951 to 1978 and 1979 to 2012,respectively),we concluded that(1)Under different inter-decadal backgrounds,the atmospheric circulations that impacted the Three Rainfall Patterns in the summer of eastern China showed consistency,but in the latter phase of the global warming,the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH)was on the strong side,the position of which was in the south,and the blocking high in the Eurasia mid-high latitudes was active,while the polar vortex extended to the south,and meridional circulation intensified.This circulation background may have been conducive to the increase of the circulation frequency of Patterns II and III,and the decrease of the circulation frequency of Pattern I,thus leading to more Patterns II and III and fewer Pattern I in the summer rainfall of eastern China.(2)In the former phase,the corresponding previous winter SST fields of different rainfall patterns showed visible differences.The impact of ENSO on North Pacific Oscillation(NPO)was great,and the identification ability of which on Patterns I and II of summer rainfall was effective.In the latter phase,this identification ability decreased,while the impact of ENSO on the Pacific/North American(PNA)teleconnection pattern increased,and the identification ability of the PNA on Patterns II and III also increased.Based on the new inter-decadal climate background,this study reconstructs the conceptual prediction model for the Three Rainfall Patterns in summer of eastern China by using the previous winter PNA and the Eurasian(EU)teleconnection indexes.The fitting effect was satisfying,though it is necessary to be further tested.