“假象汇交”现象对喷气织机气流合成的影响分析

本文对喷气织机气流合成中的“假象汇交”现象从几何上作了分析说明，并通过测试分析产生“假象汇交”现象的原因及防治措施。

纤维束与异形筘内合成气流的相互耦合作用

为提高喷气织机辅助喷嘴的引纬效率,设计了3类多孔阵列式辅助喷嘴,揭示了多孔形状与阵列方式对合成气流速度分布和弹性纤维束运动位移的影响规律。建立了纤维束-气流耦合的动力学模型,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉法数值模拟了三维瞬态流场分布及纤维束运动位移,并采用高速摄像机拍摄纤维束运动位移,验证了数值模拟结果的正确性。通过数值模拟得到了异形筘道内合成气流速度分布、速度梯度及纤维束头端运动位移。结果表明:异形筘道内合成气流速度梯度变化与纤维束头端位移具有相关性,合成气流速度梯度越小,纤维束运动位移也越小;三圆孔中心阵列辅助喷嘴形成的合成气流速度梯度最小,纤维束运动位移最小,适合用于弹力较大织物的引纬。

吹吸气流流线合成的进一步研究

吹吸气流主要是指吹出气流、吸入气流以及有时还有污染气流的合成。一般说来,吹出气流是起主导作用的。迄今所见到的国内外有关吹吸气流合成的文献,主要都出自日本林太郎教授的研究成果。在他的研究中,把吹出气流简化成均匀射流。本文作者认为,吹出气流应该是紊流射流,并由此所绘出的吹吸气流流线合成图以及相应的结果与林太郎教授的研究结果相比较有一定差别。

筘槽内引纬气流场分布及其对纬纱飞行的影响

为了解喷气引纬纬纱的实际运动状态和筘槽内引纬气体流场的分布变化与纬纱运动状态的关系,采用高速摄影系统,对喷气引纬时纬纱在异型筘槽内飞行的实际状态拍摄记录,可以看出纬纱在筘槽内呈旋转螺旋状前行。通过气体流场测试装置,对筘槽内喷气引纬的气体流场进行测试分析,认为因筘槽内引纬气体流场的特殊动态分布变化使纬纱作旋转螺旋状前行。对第1辅助喷嘴喷向角做适当调整,可以降低第1、第2辅助喷嘴间段上引纬气体流场的波动变化。

辅喷间距对筘槽内气流速度波动变化的影响

采用高速摄影系统,对喷气织机喷气引纬异形筘槽内纬纱飞行实际状态进行拍摄记录,可以看出纬纱在筘槽中合成的"三维气流场"中呈旋转波动式前行,并通过气体流场测试装置,在不同辅助喷嘴间距条件下对筘槽内以接力引纬的方式进行喷气引纬的气体流场进行测试分析,分析研究了筘槽内气体流场的空间立体的动态分布以及辅助喷嘴间距对筘槽内气体流场流速的波动变化的影响,在保证牵引气流具有较高流速的前提下,努力减小筘槽内侧合成牵引气流速度的波动变化范围,有利于减小运动纬纱的波动,改善引纬质量和节约气耗。

主喷嘴与高速异形孔辅助喷嘴引纬合成流场特性

为解决单圆孔辅助喷嘴出口速度偏低,气流集束性较差及耗气量过高的问题,通过设计新型异形孔辅助喷嘴,揭示在同一工况下辅助喷嘴的喷孔形状对异形筘道内合成气流分布的影响规律。建立了主喷嘴射流与一组辅喷射流叠加的三维合成流场模型,基于雷诺时均方程封闭k-ε双方程湍流模型数值求解了异型筘槽内合成流场轴向速度和径向速度云图,通过实验装置测量了筘槽内合成气流平均速度,验证了数值结果的正确性。讨论了单圆孔,Y1,Y2和Y3号辅助喷嘴的出口形状对异形筘道内合成气流的轴向速度、引纬稳定性及耗气量的影响规律。结果表明:对比单圆孔辅助喷嘴,Y2号异形孔辅助喷嘴轴向气流速度可提高12%,耗气量降低了6%,引纬稳定性比单圆孔辅助喷嘴有所改善,综合性能优于单圆孔辅助喷嘴。

Study on fluidized-bed pyrolysis of waste paper

A lab-scale fluidized bed is setup and pyrolysis experiments are carried out. When temperature ranges from 400 to 700 ℃, the yields of solid residue, bio-oil and syngas range from 36% to 18%, 19% to 30% and 9% to 42%, respectively, and the mass balance of pyrolysis ranges from 80% to 95%. At 400 to 700 ℃, the characteristics of bio-oil are similar and the heat value is about 10 MJ/kg. When the temperature is over 600℃, the yield of syngas increases approximately twice as much as that at 500 ℃. The yields of CO2 and CO increase from 70 to 230 L/kg and 50 to 106 L/kg, respectively, while the yield of syngas only increases about 5% when the temperature increases from 600 to 700 ℃. The results indicate that the pyrolysis mechanism of waste paper is similar from 400 to 700 ℃, while the yield of syngas can be affected by secondary pyrolysis of bio-oil.

Study on flow mode of combined converter for methanol synthesis from coal-based syngas

The mathematic model of combined converter with two different flow modes of gas-cooled reactor was established. The effects of gas flow mode in gas-cooled reactor on combined converter was investigated with the yield of methanol was 1 400 kt/a. The results show that if the flow mode of the cooling pipe gas and the catalytic bed gas change from countercurrent to concurrent, the catalytic bed temperature distribution does not fit the most optimum temperature curve of reversible exothermic reaction and the heat duty of heat changer in whole process increased seriously, which means that there is much more equipment investment and more operating cost. The gas flow mode of gas-cooled reactor affects the methanol yield slightly. There- fore, the countercurrent gas flow mode of gas-cooled reactor is more lucrative in the combined converter process.

The Preparation of 2-Chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine in an Airlift Loop Reactor

A new process for the direct chlorination of 2-chloro-5-methylpyridine to yield 2-chloro-5-chloro-methylpyridine in an airlift loop reactor (ALR) has been studied. Five main reaction conditions including TR, na/ns, cp, Qg and dD/dR were optimized. The average molar yield and purity of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine obtained were 79% and 98.5% respectively under the optimum operating conditions. Finally, the efficiency for the preparation of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine with ALR and stirred tank reactor (STR) respectively was compared.

Modeling and Simulation of Production Process on Dimethyl Ether Synthesized from Coal-based Syngas by One-step Method

As a result of shortage supply of oil resources, the process for the alternative coal-based fuel, dimethyl ether （DME）, has emerged as an important process in chemical engineering field. With the laboratory experiment data about DME synthesis and separation, the production process for DME with high purity is proposed when one-step synthesis of DME in slurry bed reactor from syngas is adopted. On the basis of experimental research and process analysis, the proper unit modules and thermophysical calculation methods for the simulation process are selected. Incorporated the experimentally determined parameters of reaction dynamic model for DME synthesis, regression constants of parameters in non-random two-liquid equation （NRTL） model for binary component in DME separation system with built-in properties model, .the process flowsheet, is.developed and simulated on the Aspen Plus platform. The simulation results coincide well with data obtained in laboratory experiment. Accordingly, the accurate simulation results offer useful references to similar equipment design and process operation optimization.

Study on Strategies for Methane Injection in a DISI （Direct Injection Spark Ignition） Engine

This paper deals with the application of two different injection strategies in a natural gas direct injection spark ignition single-cylinder engine model. The analysis includes the air flow characterization during compression stroke and also the charge stratification. Two different swirl ratios are applied and piston bowl effects are analyzed during the gas jet deflection towards the spark plug. Achieving wall-guided effect, consequently, the charge stratification in spark plug region is obtained. The goal is to study the mixture formation differences for a single and a bi pulsed CNG （compressed natural gas） injection profiles and check the evolution of the methane concentration at the spark plug at the start of combustion.

Computational Simulation to Predict the Syngas Composition Produced during Charcoal Gasification

Charcoal gasification could mitigate the energetic problems in the rural zones since these regions have considerable amounts of wood, which is the base of such a fuel available. This paper presents some CFD （computational fluid dynamic） predictions of the experimental results obtained from the fixed bed gasification of charcoal made in a pilot-scale downdraft reactor using air, which was designed and built by the Research Group in Clean Development Mechanisms and Energy Management, from the National University of Colombia. The quality of the syngas obtained from the process was evaluated through the CO and CO2 percentages measured in its composition. The performance at various air flow rates （measured at the system entrance, through an analog flow meter） is evaluated with the help of 11 thermocouples, which give the information to create a temperature profile, and three load cells to measure the solid fuel conversion rate. To simulate the process, the information from temperature profile, charcoal proximate analysis, air flow meter and load cells were taken as inputs and the syngas composition was obtained as the result from the calculation. The domain was defined as 2D with an axis-symmetric description, using quads as mesh elements. The calculation and results were performed in a CFD commercial code widely used for this type of simulations： ANSYS FLUENT. The predictions made by the software were validated with the experimental results obtained in the laboratory.

Theoretical Considerations of Laminar Flame Speed as a Function of Initial Conditions and Basic Kinetic Properties with Respect to the Safety Problem

The Zeldovich-Frank-Kamenetskii solution for the flame velocity of a planar front with one-step overall chemical reaction was enhanced. The assumption that the consumption rate depends exclusively on a chemical component was removed. Instead, the reaction rate was considered to be dependent on all reactants of an overall reaction. The new formulation was applied to obtain the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of a set of hydrogen-air mixtures.

Aerodynamic control of NACA 0021 airfoil model with spark discharge plasma synthetic jets

Spark discharge plasma synthetic jets(SPJs) have been used for the active flow control study on an NACA 0021 straight-wing model in a wind tunnel. The model forces and moments were measured using a six-component sting balance at a 20 m/s wind speed. The aim was to explore the SPJ's effect on airfoil aerodynamic by examining SPJ generators' position along the chordwise and the jet flow direction about the chord. Near the wing leading edge, two SPJ generators raised the stall angle by 2° and increased the maximum lift coefficient by 9%. The drag coefficient was decreased by 33.1%, and the lift-drag ratio was increased by 104.2% at an angle of attack above 16°. The rolling-moment coefficient was modified by 0.002, and the yawing-moment coefficient was changed by 0.0007 at angles of attack in the range of 0°–16°. The results showed that SPJs can control wing aerodynamic forces at a high angle of attack and moments at a low angle of attack.

The Influence of Fuel-Air Swirl Intensity on Flame Structures of Syngas Swirl-Stabilized Diffusion Flame

Flame structures of a syngas swirl-stabilized diffusion flame in a model combustor were measured using the OH-PLIF method under different fuel and air swirl intensity.The flame operated under atmospheric pressure with air and a typical low heating-value syngas with a composition of 28.5% CO,22.5% H2 and 49% N2 at a thermal power of 34 kW.Results indicate that increasing the air swirl intensity with the same fuel,swirl intensity flame structures showed little difference except a small reduction of flame length;but also,with the same air swirl intensity,fuel swirl intensity showed great influence on flame shape,length and reaction zone distribution.Therefore,compared with air swirl intensity,fuel swirl intensity appeared a key effect on the flame structure for the model combustor.Instantaneous OH-PLIF images showed that three distinct typical structures with an obvious difference of reaction zone distribution were found at low swirl intensity,while a much compacter flame structure with a single,stable and uniform reaction zone distribution was found at large fuel-air swirl intensity.It means that larger swirl intensity leads to efficient,stable combustion of the syngas diffusion flame.

The influence of synthetic jet excitation on secondary flow in compressor cascade

The detailed numerical simulation has been carried out to investigate the effect of synthetic jet excitation on the secondary flow at 5° incidence in a compressor cascade, in which the synthetic jet actuation is equipped on the suction surface. The influence of excitation position, one fixed near the trailing edge and the other fixed a little far from the trailing edge, has also been studied. The results show that unsteady disturbance of desirable synthetic jet effectively enhances the mixing of the fluid inside the separation region, which reduces the vortex intensity and the energy loss, improves the flow status in the cascade, and also suppresses velocity fluctuation near the trailing edge. Additionally, the actuation fixed near the separation region proves to be more effective and exit load distribution is more uniform due to the employment of the synthetic jet.

Numerical Investigation on Effectiveness of Flow Separation Control in Two-dimensional High-load Compressor Cascade by Synthetic Jet

The effectiveness of flow separation control in two-dimensional high load cascade by synthetic jet is investigated through numerical simulation of the effect of excitation frequency and amplitude together with the adaptability of synthetic jet to off-design conditions. Test results indicate that synthetic jet can be used to effectively control the large-scale two-dimensional flow separation in compressor cascade. Preferable results can be obtained when excitation frequency is close to or times of the characteristic frequency of original flow field. Excitation amplitude has a more important effect on the effectiveness of flow separation control, and the increase in excitation amplitude can bring about a dramatic decrease in the loss of total pressure. Synthetic jet has also a very good adaptability to off-design conditions. It can therefore be concluded that the incidence sensitivity of compressor cascade can be effectively reduced by synthetic jet.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Natural Bio and Syngas Swirl Flames in a Model Gas Turbine Combustor

Turbulent reacting flows in a generic swirl gas turbine combustor model are investigated both numerically and experimentally.In the investigation,an emphasis is placed upon the external flue gas recirculation,which is a promising technology for increasing the efficiency of the carbon capture and storage process,which,however,can change the combustion behaviour significantly.A further emphasis is placed upon the investigation of alternative fuels such as biogas and syngas in comparison to the conventional natural gas.Flames are also investigated numerically using the open source CFD software OpenFOAM.In the numerical simulations,a laminar flamelet model based on mixture fraction and reaction progress variable is adopted.As turbulence model,the SST model is used within a URANS concept.Computational results are compared with the experimental data,where a fair agreement is observed.

Investigation of Phase Excitation Effect on Mixing Control in Coaxial Jets

Detailed unsteady numerical simulation has been carried out to investigate the mechanism of adjacent syntheticjets and the influence of different phases on the mixing of coaxial jets. The results show the combined jet, formedby coupling the vortex pairs at the orifice of two adjacent actuators, can exhibit better controlling effect. Spanwisepressure difference appears because of the existence of phase difference between the left jet and right jet, whichresults in the variation of the combined jet. When the phase difference is greater than zero, mixing enhancementof coaxial jets can be achieved, but there are maximum phase difference and optimal phase difference. On thecontrary, application of adjacent synthetic jets always leads to the mixing reduction when phase difference is lessthan zero.