使用气湿反转剂能解除凝析气藏等温降压开采过程中产生的液锁损害,但目前的气湿反转剂存在价格高、用量大、气湿反转效果差等缺点。为此,通过采用改进的Stober法制备均一粒径的纳米SiO_2颗粒,再对其表面进行功能化修饰,合成出了具备气...使用气湿反转剂能解除凝析气藏等温降压开采过程中产生的液锁损害,但目前的气湿反转剂存在价格高、用量大、气湿反转效果差等缺点。为此,通过采用改进的Stober法制备均一粒径的纳米SiO_2颗粒,再对其表面进行功能化修饰,合成出了具备气湿反转功能的纳米颗粒,其最佳合成条件为,正硅酸乙酯和氨水的用量均为1~2 m L,非离子型氟碳表面活性剂FG24的浓度为0.3%。通过接触角法、Owens二液法和自吸吸入法研究了纳米SiO_2颗粒对岩心润湿性的影响。研究表明,用0.3%气湿性纳米颗粒流体处理岩心,水相和油相在岩心表面的接触角可由未处理时的23°和0°增至157°和135°;岩心的表面能由67.9 m N/m降至0.23 m N/m;岩心的液相饱和度由87%和73%降至3.5%和32%,水相和油相的自吸速率由0.26和0.27 m L/min在2 h内降至0。实验还测定了气、油相在气（油）-纳米流体-岩心体系中的接触角,探索分析了气湿性纳米SiO_2颗粒的作用机理。结果表明,该纳米颗粒具备良好的气湿反转功能。展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to choose appropriate floating plant in the wetland in the north China.[Method] Pistia stratiotes L.,Eichhornia crassipes,and Hydrocharis dubia（Bl.） Backer were planted in the aquatic biologi...[Objective] The aim was to choose appropriate floating plant in the wetland in the north China.[Method] Pistia stratiotes L.,Eichhornia crassipes,and Hydrocharis dubia（Bl.） Backer were planted in the aquatic biological pool of constructed subsurface flow wetland system in the reservoir.Through filed investigation,the growth of the three kinds of plants was studied and their adaptability to the northern climate was concluded.[Result] Judging from the growth speed and state of the three kinds of floating plants,the biological characteristic of Pistia stratiotes L.can perfectly adapt the environment in the pool in the reservoir,followed by the Eichhornia crassipes.The growth state of the Hydrocharis dubia（Bl.） Backer was the worst one and it can not adapt to the north environment.[Conclusion] It provided references for the choice of artificial floating plant in the north area.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore response characters of NDVI of different types of vegetation to climate change. [Method] Based on NDVI data acquired by SPOT/VGT and meteorological data of five meteorological statio...[Objective] The aim was to explore response characters of NDVI of different types of vegetation to climate change. [Method] Based on NDVI data acquired by SPOT/VGT and meteorological data of five meteorological stations during 19982011, the change trend of NDVI and the relevant correlation with meteorological factors were analyzed in the research area. [Result] NDVI of different types of vegetation in Zhalong wetland kept increasing, especially after 2004. Of the vegetations, NDVI was of significant positive correlation with average temperature, average minimum temperature, average maximum temperature, rainfall and average relative humidity in a ten-day period （P 0.01）. In addition, NDVI responses are of different characters to meteorological factors. The responses of NDVI of vegetations were of lag phase to meteorological factors in Zhalong wetland. Specifically, the lag phase of ten-day average temperature and ten-day average minimum temperature was 10-20 d; the lag phase of ten-day average maximum temperature was 20 -30 d; the lag phase of ten-day rainfall was 20 d; the lag phase of ten-day averager relative humidity was 0-10 d. [Conclusion] The research provides references for further exploration of vegetations’ responses to climate change and formulation of vegetation protection and utilization under background of climate change.展开更多
The performance of a Venturi tube used in wet gas flow have been explored mainly under higher-pressure condition, but very often, low-pressure test exists in some oil and gas fields in Tianjin Dagang Oil and Gas Field...The performance of a Venturi tube used in wet gas flow have been explored mainly under higher-pressure condition, but very often, low-pressure test exists in some oil and gas fields in Tianjin Dagang Oil and Gas Field in China. In this study, the performance of horizontally mounted Venturi meters in low-pressure wet gas flow is discussed. Three 50 mm Venturi meters were tested systematically, with fl values of 0.4048, 0.55 and 0.70, the opera- tion pressure of 0.15 MPa, 0.20 MPa, 0.25 MPa, the gas densiometric Froude number from 0.6 to 2.0, the modified Lockhart-Maretinelli parameter from 0.0022 to 0.06, and the ratio of the gas liquid mass flow rate from 0.5 to 0.99. The effects of modified Lockhart-Maretinelli parameter, pressure, gas densiometric Froude number, diameter ratio, and gas-liquid mass flow rate ratio to the Venturi tube are analyzed with new independent data. Furthermore, low-pressure performance was compared with that under high pressure.展开更多
Storing natural gas in wet active carbon is a recently proposed method. The research progress shows that this method considerably decreases the storage pressure while maintaining the storage capacity equal to or even ...Storing natural gas in wet active carbon is a recently proposed method. The research progress shows that this method considerably decreases the storage pressure while maintaining the storage capacity equal to or even higher than compressed natural gas （CNG）. There is no requirement of pre-sifting any component out of natural gas for the storage, and the thermal effect on fast charging/discharging has almost no effect on the storage capacity. The charging and discharging processes are reversible and show good dynamic behavior. Although the storage temperature is a little lower than the ambient, the new method seems technically and costly more competitive than the available methods.展开更多
With 1 185 pi eces of questionnaire, it is found that in China, people take fresh air, odor, e tc., as well as indoor air temperature, humidity, as the most important indoor a ir parameters. It is also found that ther...With 1 185 pi eces of questionnaire, it is found that in China, people take fresh air, odor, e tc., as well as indoor air temperature, humidity, as the most important indoor a ir parameters. It is also found that there is a significant sensitivity differen ce in indoor environment between southerners and northerners in China. People fr om different regions have different demands for their working and living environ ment. Therefore, as a good design of air conditioning system, it is strongly rec ommended that the different demands of people from different regions should be t aken into consideration.展开更多
Condensation of humid air along a vertical plate was numerically investigated, with the mathematical model built on the full boundary layer equations and the film-wise condensation assumption. The velocity, heat and m...Condensation of humid air along a vertical plate was numerically investigated, with the mathematical model built on the full boundary layer equations and the film-wise condensation assumption. The velocity, heat and mass transfer characteristics at the gas-liquid interface were numerical analyzed and the results indicated that it was not reasonable to neglect the condensate film from the point of its thickness only. The condensate film thickness, interface temperature drop and the interface tangential velocity affect the physical fields weakly. However, the subcooling and the interface normal velocity were important factors to be considered before the simplification was made. For higher wall temperature, the advective mass transfer contributed much to the total mass transfer. Therefore, the boundary conditions were the key to judge the rationality of neglecting the condensate film for numerical solutions. The numerical results were checked by comparing with experiments and correlations.展开更多
A new type of sweating manikin system has been developed to evaluate thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of clothing, which is reliable, easy control and low cost. In this paper the manikin system w...A new type of sweating manikin system has been developed to evaluate thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of clothing, which is reliable, easy control and low cost. In this paper the manikin system was reported and discussed from the aspects of system construction, work principles, figure formation, simulated sweating system, and technical properties.展开更多
Water management is of great importance to maintain performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This paper presents a novel proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell with a humidification zone in...Water management is of great importance to maintain performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This paper presents a novel proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell with a humidification zone in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of each cell, in which the moisture of the cathode exhaust gas could transfer through the membrane to humidify anode or cathode dry gas. With a simple model, the relative humidity (RH) of the dry air exhaust from a membrane humidifier with 100% RH stream as a counter flow is calculated to be 60.0%, which is very close to the experimental result (62.2%). Fuel cell performances with hydrogen humidifying, air humidifying and no humidifying are compared at 50, 60 and 70°C and the results indicate that humidifying is necessary and the novel design with humidifying zone in MEA is effective to humidify dry reactants. The hydrogen humidifying shows better performance in short term, while water recovered is limited and the stability is not as good as air humidifying. It is recommended that both air and hydrogen should be humidified with proper design of the humidifying zones in MEA and plates.展开更多
The regional observed temperature and precipitation changes and their abruptjumps disturbed by large-scale reclamation in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China were studied. Meanannual temperature of the region was tend...The regional observed temperature and precipitation changes and their abruptjumps disturbed by large-scale reclamation in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China were studied. Meanannual temperature of the region was tending to go up and has increased by 1.2-2.2℃ over the past50 years. A warming jump of mean annual temperature of the region occurred in the 1980s, which hadan increasg amplitude of 0.9℃. Linear tendency rates of annual precipitation were negative in mostof the region. The maximum of annual precipitation decrease was 155.8mm over the past 50 years. Anabrupt decrease of regional annual precipitation happened in the middle of the 1960s, which had adecrease of 102.1mm. Based on the fact of climatic change of the Sanjiang Plain over the past 50years, it is held that the region had larger warming amplitude than that of the surrounding areas inthe recent years, which resulted from the large-scale reclamation of various kinds of wetlands.展开更多
Based on daily NCEP reanalysis data, OLR and satellite rainfall data, the characteristic of theactivities of South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) in 2004 were analyzed. The results showed that theestablishment of SCS...Based on daily NCEP reanalysis data, OLR and satellite rainfall data, the characteristic of theactivities of South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) in 2004 were analyzed. The results showed that theestablishment of SCSSM was little later than normal and the intensity was stronger than normal. Influenced bythe location of the northwest Pacific subtropical high, which was much northward and westward than normal,SCSSM was active mainly in the South China Sea areas. There existed obvious intraseasonal oscillation and twosignificant periods of SCSSM, one was about 20-30 days and the other about 40-50 days. The transportation ofmoisture was concentrated on the South China Sea and the northwest Pacific regions, reducing the northwardtransportation and resulting in drought in southern China.展开更多
In this paper,combining Riemann’s method with the fixed point theory effectively,we proved that the migration equation of the moisture in soil with nonlinear initial boundary value problem has unique classical solution.
The paper analyses the effect of stitch geometrical modality changing after moisture absorption on the porosity of knitted fabrics,and educes the formulas between porosity and stitch parameters.Regarding as the cell s...The paper analyses the effect of stitch geometrical modality changing after moisture absorption on the porosity of knitted fabrics,and educes the formulas between porosity and stitch parameters.Regarding as the cell stitch,the increasing of yarn diameter brings the porosity decreasing and the fabric shrinking in the wale direction.While the diameter keeps invariability,the yarn elongating brings the fabric humping up as well as the increasing porosity.The air-permeability experiments have been conducted to validate the theoretical analysis,and there is reasonable agreement between the theories and experiments.展开更多
文摘使用气湿反转剂能解除凝析气藏等温降压开采过程中产生的液锁损害,但目前的气湿反转剂存在价格高、用量大、气湿反转效果差等缺点。为此,通过采用改进的Stober法制备均一粒径的纳米SiO_2颗粒,再对其表面进行功能化修饰,合成出了具备气湿反转功能的纳米颗粒,其最佳合成条件为,正硅酸乙酯和氨水的用量均为1~2 m L,非离子型氟碳表面活性剂FG24的浓度为0.3%。通过接触角法、Owens二液法和自吸吸入法研究了纳米SiO_2颗粒对岩心润湿性的影响。研究表明,用0.3%气湿性纳米颗粒流体处理岩心,水相和油相在岩心表面的接触角可由未处理时的23°和0°增至157°和135°;岩心的表面能由67.9 m N/m降至0.23 m N/m;岩心的液相饱和度由87%和73%降至3.5%和32%,水相和油相的自吸速率由0.26和0.27 m L/min在2 h内降至0。实验还测定了气、油相在气（油）-纳米流体-岩心体系中的接触角,探索分析了气湿性纳米SiO_2颗粒的作用机理。结果表明,该纳米颗粒具备良好的气湿反转功能。
基金Supported by National Water Special Project"River Water Environment Comprehensive Management Technology Study and Comprehensive demonstration"(2008ZX07209-002-002)China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research Open Fund(IWHRKF201013)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to choose appropriate floating plant in the wetland in the north China.[Method] Pistia stratiotes L.,Eichhornia crassipes,and Hydrocharis dubia（Bl.） Backer were planted in the aquatic biological pool of constructed subsurface flow wetland system in the reservoir.Through filed investigation,the growth of the three kinds of plants was studied and their adaptability to the northern climate was concluded.[Result] Judging from the growth speed and state of the three kinds of floating plants,the biological characteristic of Pistia stratiotes L.can perfectly adapt the environment in the pool in the reservoir,followed by the Eichhornia crassipes.The growth state of the Hydrocharis dubia（Bl.） Backer was the worst one and it can not adapt to the north environment.[Conclusion] It provided references for the choice of artificial floating plant in the north area.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Meteorological-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (GYHY201306036)Heilongjiang Science Technology Department Key Program (GZ09C102)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore response characters of NDVI of different types of vegetation to climate change. [Method] Based on NDVI data acquired by SPOT/VGT and meteorological data of five meteorological stations during 19982011, the change trend of NDVI and the relevant correlation with meteorological factors were analyzed in the research area. [Result] NDVI of different types of vegetation in Zhalong wetland kept increasing, especially after 2004. Of the vegetations, NDVI was of significant positive correlation with average temperature, average minimum temperature, average maximum temperature, rainfall and average relative humidity in a ten-day period （P 0.01）. In addition, NDVI responses are of different characters to meteorological factors. The responses of NDVI of vegetations were of lag phase to meteorological factors in Zhalong wetland. Specifically, the lag phase of ten-day average temperature and ten-day average minimum temperature was 10-20 d; the lag phase of ten-day average maximum temperature was 20 -30 d; the lag phase of ten-day rainfall was 20 d; the lag phase of ten-day averager relative humidity was 0-10 d. [Conclusion] The research provides references for further exploration of vegetations’ responses to climate change and formulation of vegetation protection and utilization under background of climate change.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2006AA04Z167,2007AA04Z180)
文摘The performance of a Venturi tube used in wet gas flow have been explored mainly under higher-pressure condition, but very often, low-pressure test exists in some oil and gas fields in Tianjin Dagang Oil and Gas Field in China. In this study, the performance of horizontally mounted Venturi meters in low-pressure wet gas flow is discussed. Three 50 mm Venturi meters were tested systematically, with fl values of 0.4048, 0.55 and 0.70, the opera- tion pressure of 0.15 MPa, 0.20 MPa, 0.25 MPa, the gas densiometric Froude number from 0.6 to 2.0, the modified Lockhart-Maretinelli parameter from 0.0022 to 0.06, and the ratio of the gas liquid mass flow rate from 0.5 to 0.99. The effects of modified Lockhart-Maretinelli parameter, pressure, gas densiometric Froude number, diameter ratio, and gas-liquid mass flow rate ratio to the Venturi tube are analyzed with new independent data. Furthermore, low-pressure performance was compared with that under high pressure.
基金Presented at the International Conference on Carbon 2005 (Korea) as an invited keynote lecture, and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20336020, No. 50376047).
文摘Storing natural gas in wet active carbon is a recently proposed method. The research progress shows that this method considerably decreases the storage pressure while maintaining the storage capacity equal to or even higher than compressed natural gas （CNG）. There is no requirement of pre-sifting any component out of natural gas for the storage, and the thermal effect on fast charging/discharging has almost no effect on the storage capacity. The charging and discharging processes are reversible and show good dynamic behavior. Although the storage temperature is a little lower than the ambient, the new method seems technically and costly more competitive than the available methods.
文摘With 1 185 pi eces of questionnaire, it is found that in China, people take fresh air, odor, e tc., as well as indoor air temperature, humidity, as the most important indoor a ir parameters. It is also found that there is a significant sensitivity differen ce in indoor environment between southerners and northerners in China. People fr om different regions have different demands for their working and living environ ment. Therefore, as a good design of air conditioning system, it is strongly rec ommended that the different demands of people from different regions should be t aken into consideration.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （2011CB706904） and Beijing Natural Science Foundation （3071001）
文摘Condensation of humid air along a vertical plate was numerically investigated, with the mathematical model built on the full boundary layer equations and the film-wise condensation assumption. The velocity, heat and mass transfer characteristics at the gas-liquid interface were numerical analyzed and the results indicated that it was not reasonable to neglect the condensate film from the point of its thickness only. The condensate film thickness, interface temperature drop and the interface tangential velocity affect the physical fields weakly. However, the subcooling and the interface normal velocity were important factors to be considered before the simplification was made. For higher wall temperature, the advective mass transfer contributed much to the total mass transfer. Therefore, the boundary conditions were the key to judge the rationality of neglecting the condensate film for numerical solutions. The numerical results were checked by comparing with experiments and correlations.
文摘A new type of sweating manikin system has been developed to evaluate thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of clothing, which is reliable, easy control and low cost. In this paper the manikin system was reported and discussed from the aspects of system construction, work principles, figure formation, simulated sweating system, and technical properties.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2008AA05Z104)
文摘Water management is of great importance to maintain performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This paper presents a novel proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell with a humidification zone in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of each cell, in which the moisture of the cathode exhaust gas could transfer through the membrane to humidify anode or cathode dry gas. With a simple model, the relative humidity (RH) of the dry air exhaust from a membrane humidifier with 100% RH stream as a counter flow is calculated to be 60.0%, which is very close to the experimental result (62.2%). Fuel cell performances with hydrogen humidifying, air humidifying and no humidifying are compared at 50, 60 and 70°C and the results indicate that humidifying is necessary and the novel design with humidifying zone in MEA is effective to humidify dry reactants. The hydrogen humidifying shows better performance in short term, while water recovered is limited and the stability is not as good as air humidifying. It is recommended that both air and hydrogen should be humidified with proper design of the humidifying zones in MEA and plates.
文摘The regional observed temperature and precipitation changes and their abruptjumps disturbed by large-scale reclamation in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China were studied. Meanannual temperature of the region was tending to go up and has increased by 1.2-2.2℃ over the past50 years. A warming jump of mean annual temperature of the region occurred in the 1980s, which hadan increasg amplitude of 0.9℃. Linear tendency rates of annual precipitation were negative in mostof the region. The maximum of annual precipitation decrease was 155.8mm over the past 50 years. Anabrupt decrease of regional annual precipitation happened in the middle of the 1960s, which had adecrease of 102.1mm. Based on the fact of climatic change of the Sanjiang Plain over the past 50years, it is held that the region had larger warming amplitude than that of the surrounding areas inthe recent years, which resulted from the large-scale reclamation of various kinds of wetlands.
基金Public Well-being Research Project from the Ministry of Science and Technology(2002RKT01)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (04003915)Natural Science Foundation ofChina (90211010)
文摘Based on daily NCEP reanalysis data, OLR and satellite rainfall data, the characteristic of theactivities of South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) in 2004 were analyzed. The results showed that theestablishment of SCSSM was little later than normal and the intensity was stronger than normal. Influenced bythe location of the northwest Pacific subtropical high, which was much northward and westward than normal,SCSSM was active mainly in the South China Sea areas. There existed obvious intraseasonal oscillation and twosignificant periods of SCSSM, one was about 20-30 days and the other about 40-50 days. The transportation ofmoisture was concentrated on the South China Sea and the northwest Pacific regions, reducing the northwardtransportation and resulting in drought in southern China.
文摘In this paper,combining Riemann’s method with the fixed point theory effectively,we proved that the migration equation of the moisture in soil with nonlinear initial boundary value problem has unique classical solution.
文摘The paper analyses the effect of stitch geometrical modality changing after moisture absorption on the porosity of knitted fabrics,and educes the formulas between porosity and stitch parameters.Regarding as the cell stitch,the increasing of yarn diameter brings the porosity decreasing and the fabric shrinking in the wale direction.While the diameter keeps invariability,the yarn elongating brings the fabric humping up as well as the increasing porosity.The air-permeability experiments have been conducted to validate the theoretical analysis,and there is reasonable agreement between the theories and experiments.
