基于并行遗传算法的气球力Snake模型参数优化

针对气球力Snake模型的图像分割效果很大限度上依赖于初始参数的选取,借鉴遗传算法的高效、并行和全局搜索的性能,提出了一种求解气球力Snake模型最优参数的算法。该算法用气球力Snake能量泛函作为目标函数,引入图像相似度函数作为遗传迭代终止准则,采用并行遗传计算进行分割参数寻优。实际医学图像的实验结果表明,算法能避免通过大量实验来人工选取参数的繁琐,也解决了参数选取不当导致的分割结果不理想的问题,可以得到较好的分割效果。

基于自适应气球力Snake模型的图像分割

针对气球力Snake模型存在对初始轮廓线位置敏感和弱边界泄露的缺点,将图像的全局信息融入到气球力Snake模型中,提出了基于模糊聚类的自适应气球力Snake模型,并应用于图像分割。该模型可以根据图像的区域信息自适应地改变气球力的方向和大小,使得轮廓线能正确收敛到目标边界。实验结果表明:改进模型放宽了对初始轮廓线位置的限制,克服了弱边界泄露的缺点,能使轮廓线在深度凹陷区域得到正确收敛,对噪声的鲁棒性强,且不存在GVF场的临界点问题。

应用气球力生成点云Snake模型

针对当前点云Snake模型研究中存在的问题,提出点云的气球力Snake模型.该模型将二维图像Snake中的气球力推广到三维点云中,用于设计点云Snake模型的外部能;按曲率将点云分为特征点和非特征点,特征点除包含目标轮廓线外,还包含噪声点.外部能根据轮廓点的类型采用不同的移动方式:当轮廓点为非特征点时,外部能会迫使该点向目标轮廓线移动,则即使初始轮廓线远离目标轮廓线,Snake模型也能正确收敛;当轮廓点为特征点时,外部能会使该点固定或在附近振荡,可利用该方式分离噪声点与非噪声点,达到剔除噪声的目的.实验结果表明,文中模型能有效地解决Snake模型对初始轮廓线位置敏感以及易受噪声影响的问题.

基于方向气球力活动轮廓模型的图像分割

针对传统参数活动轮廓模型存在对轮廓线初始位置敏感的缺点,提出了方向气球力活动轮廓模型并应用于MRI图像分割。该模型利用底层图像分割的结果确定外力的方向,使气球力方向始终指向目标边界,引导轮廓线变形。当轮廓线运动到目标边界附近时,在高斯势力作用下继续变形,完成图像高层分割。实验结果表明,该模型与轮廓线初始位置无关,能实现MRI图像的自动分割。

基于GVF和压力Snake模型的哑铃型目标提取

针对传统活动模型初始化曲线严格的位置选择问题和梯度矢量流场模型存在的哑铃型目标"临界点"问题,提出了梯度矢量流场构造出气球压力的活动轮廓改进模型。利用了梯度矢量流场决定形变点的压力方向,在该构造压力与图像外力及轮廓曲线内力的共同作用下模型完成目标提取。结合实例对改进模型和算法进行了试验分析,结果表明了模型的可行性和算法的有效性。

An analytical model for pyrolysis of a single biomass particle

Decreasing in emissions of greenhouse gases to confront the global warming needs to replace fossil fuels as the main doer of the world climate changes by renewable and clean fuels produced from biomass like wood waste which is neutral on the amount of CO2. An analytical and engineering model for pyrolysis process of a single biomass particle has been presented. Using a two-stage semi global kinetic model which includes both primary and secondary reactions, the effects of parameters like shape and size of particle as well as porosity on the particle temperature profile and product yields have been investigated. Comparison of the obtained results with experimental data shows that our results are in a reasonable agreement with previous researchers' works. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is done to determine the importance of each parameter on pyrolysis of a single biomass particle which is affected by many constant parameters.

简单也能蕴育精彩——用气球探究力的奥秘

气球是普通的儿童玩具，以气球作为实验载体承载着“力”的教学怎样的重任，蕴育怎样力的精彩呢？

Quantifying the impacts of fire aerosols on global terrestrial ecosystem productivity with the fully-coupled Earth system model CESM

Fire is a global phenomenon and a major source of aerosols from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere.Most previous studies quantified the effect of fire aerosols on climate and atmospheric circulation,or on the regional and site-scale terrestrial ecosystem productivity.So far,only one work has quantified their global impacts on terrestrial ecosystem productivity based on offline simulations,which,however,did not consider the impacts of aerosol–cloud interactions and aerosol–climate feedbacks.This study quantitatively assesses the influence of fire aerosols on the global annual gross primary productivity(GPP)of terrestrial ecosystems using simulations with the fully coupled global Earth system model CESM1.2.Results show that fire aerosols generally decrease GPP in vegetated areas,with a global total of−1.6 Pg C yr^−1,mainly because fire aerosols cool and dry the land surface and weaken the direct photosynthetically active radiation(PAR).The exception to this is the Amazon region,which is mainly due to a fire-aerosol-induced wetter land surface and increased diffuse PAR.This study emphasizes the importance of the influence of fire aerosols on climate in quantifying global-scale fire aerosols’impacts on terrestrial ecosystem productivity.

The Spatial Patterns of Initial Errors Related to the “Winter Predictability Barrier” of the Indian Ocean Dipole

In this study, using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2pl （GFDL CM2pl） coupled model, the winter predictability barrier （WPB） is found to exist in the model not only in the growing phase but also the Indian Ocean dipole （IOD） decaying phase of positive events due to the effect of initial errors. In particular, the WPB is stronger in the growing phase than in the decaying phase. These results indicate that initial errors can cause the WPB. The domi- nant patterns of the initial errors that cause the occurrence of the WPB often present an eastern-western dipole both in the surface and subsurface temperature components. These initial errors tend to concentrate in a few areas, and these areas may represent the sensitive areas of the predictions of positive IOD events. By increasing observations over these areas and eliminating initial errors here, the WPB phenomenon may be largely weakened and the forecast skill greatly improved.

The Fossil-Fuels and the Global Warming

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple way to approximate the dependence of the global mean air temperature at Earth＇s surface on atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. Current discussions include energy aspects of the greenhouse effect and the global warming. The starting point for the research are laws of thermodynamics, energy equilibrium and absorption and emission property of the atmosphere. According to the calculations, the natural and the anthropogenic changes effect the atmosphere. By the year 2100 the CO2 concentration will be doubled in comparison with the value of the pre-industrial ages. The doubled CO2 concentration will mean a temperature change about 1 ℃-1.5 ℃.

Application of Wavelet Decomposition to Removing Barometric and Tidal Response in Borehole Water Level

Wavelet decomposition is used to analyze barometric fluctuation and earth tidal response in borehole water level changes. We apply wavelet analysis method to the decomposition of barometric fluctuation and earth tidal response into several temporal series in different frequency ranges. Barometric and tidal coefficients in different frequency ranges are computed with least squares method to remove barometric and tidal response. Comparing this method with general linear regression analysis method, we find wavelet analysis method can efficiently remove barometric and earth tidal response in borehole water level. Wavelet analysis method is based on wave theory and vibration theories. It not only considers the frequency characteristic of the observed data but also the temporal characteristic, and it can get barometric and tidal coefficients in different frequency ranges. This method has definite physical meaning.

Advancing Climate Dynamics Toward Reliable Regional Climate Projections

With a scientific consensus reached regarding the anthropogenic effect on global mean temperature, developing reliable regional climate projections has emerged as a new challenge for climate science. A national project was launched in China in 2012 to study ocean's role in regional climate change. This paper starts with a review of recent advances in the study of regional climate re-sponse to global warming, followed by a description of the Chinese project including the rationale, objectives, and plan for field ob-servations. The 15 research articles that follow in the special issue are highlighted, representing some of the initial results from the project.

Impact of Climatic Change on Agricultural Production and Response Strategies in China

A number of studies indicate that global climate warming has been increasing, especially in recent decades. Climate warming greatly affects global agro-production and food security-- becoming a hotspot of global environmental change. This paper proposes a structural and orientational framework for scientifically addressing climatic change impact on agroroduction. Through literature reviews and comparative studies, the paper systematically summarizes influencing mechanisms and impact of climate warming on such agro-production factors as light, temperature, soil quality and water environment. The impact of climate warm- ing on cultivation regions, cropping systems, crop pests, agro- production capacity, agro-economy and farm management is analyzed. Then, suitable climate-adapting agro-development strategies are put forward for different regions in China. The strategies are carefully selected from a repository of international tested climatic change countermeasures in agriculture at national or district level.

Radial heat transport in packed beds-I： Experimental investigation of heat transfer coefficients of pellets and monolith catalysts at atmospheric and high pressures

The effect of operating pressure on the radial heat transfer coefficients, in a non-adiabatic fixed packed bed was studied at atmospheric and higher pressures, The study was concerned with investigating the effect of the pressure on the radial thermal conductivity （K^r） and wall heat transfer coefficient （h~） for both pellets and monolith catalysts. The study included beds that were packed with pellets and monoliths, separately. The radial temperature distribution was measured at different beds heights and feed flow rates for both types of packing. Steady-state temperatures were measured using nine chromel-alumel thermocouples arranged on a stainless steel-cross. After temperatures were collected, the radial thermal conductivity and wall heat transfer coefficient were calculated using a two-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous model. The results showed that, the radial temperature profile at the entrance of the heating section was nearly even, and a constant temperature along the radius （0F/0r=0） taken as a boundary condition to solve the partial differential equation controlling the heat transfer. Temperature profiles obtained at elevated pressures were smoother at the center of the reactor and increased sharply near the wall, than profiles at atmospheric pressure. It could also be observed, that the radial temperature profiles in the center of the reactor using a monolith catalyst at elevated pressure were more even and smoother than those of pellets. Temperature profiles in fixed beds were found to be very sensitive to Ker and hw. In pressures between atmospheric and 10 bars, there was no change in the effective heat transport parameters （i.e. they are independent of pressure in this range）. Both parameters were strongly affected by the pressure changes, above 10 bars. For the same Reynolds number （Ker） increased by 27% and 53% at 11 and 20 bars, respectively, in pellets catalyst. And they increased by factors of 2.3 and 4, when the pressure increased to the same pressures, in monolith catalyst. On the other hand, the effect of pressure on （hw） was completely the opposite, h,~ for pellets and monolith catalysts were found to be decreasing with increasing the pressure. Moreover, both coefficients increased with the Reynolds number at all applied pressures. This increase was higher for pellets than it for monoliths.

A dynamic model for exploring water-resource management scenarios in an inland arid area: Shanshan County, Northwestern China

Water scarcity is a challenge in many arid and semi-arid regions; this may lead to a series of environmental problems and could be stressed even further by the effects from climate change. This study focused on the water resource management in Shanshan County, an inland arid region located in northwestern China with a long history of groundwater overexploitation. A model of the supply and demand system in the study area from 2006 to2030, including effects from global climate change,was developed using a system dynamics(SD)modeling tool. This SD model was used to 1) explore the best water-resource management options by testing system responses under various scenarios and2) identify the principal factors affecting the responses, aiming for a balance of the groundwater system and sustainable socio-economic development.Three causes were identified as primarily responsible for water issues in Shanshan: low water-use efficiency low water reuse, and increase in industrial waterdemand. To address these causes, a combined scenario was designed and simulated, which was able to keep the water deficiency under 5% by 2030. The model provided some insights into the dynamic interrelations that generate system behavior and the key factors in the system that govern water demand and supply. The model as well as the study results may be useful in water resources management in Shanshan and may be applied, with appropriate modifications, to other regions facing similar water management challenges.

Arctic Oscillation Responses to Black Carbon Aerosols Emitted from Major Regions

The responses of the Arctic Oscillation(AO) to global black carbon(BC) and BC emitted from major regions were compared using the atmospheric general circulation model Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory(GFDL) atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM) Atmospheric Model version 2.1(AM2.1). The results indicated that global BC could induce positive-phase AO responses, characterized by negative responses over the polar cap on 500 h Pa height fields, and zonal mean sea level pressure(SLP) decreasing while zonal wind increasing at 60°, with the opposite responses over midlatitudes. The AO indices distribution also shifted towards positive values. East Asian BC had similar impacts to that of global BC, while the responses to European BC were of opposite sign. South Asian BC and North American BC did not affect the AO significantly. Based on a simple linear assumption, we roughly estimated that the global BC emission increase could explain approximately 5% of the observed positive AO trend of +0.32 per decade during 1960 to 2000.

Analysis of spatio-temporal features of a carbon source/sink and its relationship to climatic factors in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem

Global climate change has become a major concern worldwide. The spatio-temporal characteristics of net ecosystem productivity(NEP), which represents carbon sequestration capacity and directly describes the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of carbon sources/sinks(C sources/sinks), are crucial for increasing C sinks and reducing C sources. In this study, field sampling data, remote sensing data, and ground meteorological observation data were used to estimate the net primary productivity(NPP) in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem(IMGE) from 2001 to 2012 using a light use efficiency model. The spatio-temporal distribution of the NEP in the IMGE was then determined by estimating the NPP and soil respiration from 2001 to 2012. This research also investigated the response of the NPP and NEP to the main climatic variables at the spatial and temporal scales from 2001 to 2012. The results showed that most of the grassland area in Inner Mongolia has functioned as a C sink since 2001 and that the annual carbon sequestration rate amounts to 0.046 Pg C/a. The total net C sink of the IMGE over the 12-year research period reached 0.557 Pg C. The carbon sink area accounted for 60.28% of the total grassland area and the sequestered 0.692 Pg C, whereas the C source area accounted for 39.72% of the total grassland area and released 0.135 Pg C. The NPP and NEP of the IMGE were more significantly correlated with precipitation than with temperature, showing great potential for C sequestration.

Initial results of China's GNSS-R airborne campaign: soil moisture retrievals

The global navigation satellite system reflectometry （GNSS-R） technique has been proven to be a powerful tool for retrieving geophysical parameters of ocean and land/hydrology processes. The ultimate goal for such GNSS-R applications is to achieve large-scale, all- weather, and full-time mapping using spaceborne platforms. In order to ensure both GNSS-R receiver and algorithm meet the requirements of spaceborne observations, airborne experimental campaigns need to be first carried out for early testing and validation purposes. This paper presents a first comprehensive overview of China＇s airborne GNSS-R campaign conducted on May 30, 2014. There were two objectives for this campaign： （l） to examine the capability of the GNSS-R receiver developed by the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for airborne observations and （2） to study algo-rithms for soil moisture and altimetry retrievals. In this paper, initial results of soil moisture retrievals are pre- sented. The left-hand circularly polarized-predominant satellite information was successfully used to retrieval soil moisture over the cropland. The right-hand circularly polarized components of the reflected signals were also received and examined. The GPS-derived soil moisture results, on the one hand, correctly represented the spatial variations of the soil moisture along the tracking of the flight; on the other hand, the results underestimated the ground-truth. Errors from the retrieval model and from the positioning and effects from the vegetation layer and from the atmospheric water vapor were the primary causes of the uncertainties in soil moisture retrievals using the airborne GNSS-R data. This airborne experimental campaign firstly investigate that China has the capability to perform airborne GNSS-R observation using the self-developed receiver, although the receiver developed by the NSSC needs to be further examined for its capability for spaceborne observation. The early findings of this study will provide illustrations for planned future airborne campaigns.

Self-Similar Solution of Spherical Shock Wave Propagation in a Mixture of a Gas and Small Solid Particles with Increasing Energy under the Influence of Gravitational Field and Monochromatic Radiation

Similarity solution for a spherical shock wave with or without gravitational field in a dusty gas is studied under the action of monochromatic radiation. It is supposed that dusty gas be a mixture of perfect gas and micro solid particles. Equilibrium flow condition is supposed to be maintained and energy is varying which is continuously supplied by inner expanding surface. It is found that similarity solution exists under the constant initial density. The comparison between the solutions obtained in gravitating and non-gravitating medium is done. It is found that the shock strength increases with an increase in gravitational parameter or ratio of the density of solid particles to the initial density of the gas, whereas an increase in the radiation parameter has decaying effect on the shock waves.