化学工程中循环氢化液冷却器检修技术研究

本研究聚焦于化学工程中循环氢化液冷却器(E4104)的检修技术,旨在提出一套针对特定问题(如蒽醌析出和砂眼)的综合检修方案。研究围绕冷却器的漏点问题,提出了包括技术处理、安全管理和工艺改进在内的多方位解决策略。与某设备制造商合作,为本次检修提供了专业支持和指导。研究的核心在于确保检修过程的安全性、有效性和可控性,同时注重环境保护和成本效益。实践证明,所提方案有效解决了漏点问题,提高了设备的性能和可靠性,为化学工程领域的设备检修提供了重要的实践经验和参考。

超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法定性分析奥利司他氢化液中的杂质

建立了定性分析奥利司他氢化液中杂质的超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)。采用Thermo Hypersil gold aq C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm,1.9μm),以0.1%乙酸水-0.1%乙酸乙腈(25∶75)为流动相进行等度分析。质谱使用电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子模式检测,扫描范围为m/z 50~600,雾化气温度为300℃,干燥气流速为10 L/min。样品经UPLC分离后,用Q-TOF-MS测定了16个杂质的精确分子量与质谱碎片离子,推测了杂质结构,并分析了杂质来源。结果表明,奥利司他氢化液中的杂质主要由发酵过程引入,且含量均大于0.1%,需进行纯化以除去杂质。该研究为奥利司他的工艺纯化与质量控制提供了参考。

氢化液过滤器损坏原因分析及处理措施

探讨在双氧水生产中，氢化液过滤器袖筒在恒压过滤时受静应力作用下产生塑性变形失效原因及采取的对策措施。

褶合光谱法测定氢化可的松麻黄碱滴鼻液中氢化可的松和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的 建立褶合光谱测定氢化可的松麻黄碱滴鼻液中氢化可的松和盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法。方法 用TU -190 1双光束紫外可见分光光度计采集吸收度信息 ,并通过数据转换将信息转到褶合光谱程序中 ,并由该程序双组分定量分析系统计算氢化可的松和盐酸麻黄碱的含量。结果 氢化可的松和盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率分别为 99.81%、10 0 .16 % ;相对标准偏差 (RSDs)分别为 0 .4 2 %、0 .2 0 %。结论 本法结果可靠、准确 。

选择性和非选择性氢化棕榈液油的特性及其在葵花籽油中的多晶稳定性

将棕榈液油分别在200℃、48kPa和160℃、303kPa进行选择性和非选择性氢化。测定氢化棕榈液油的固体脂含量、碘价、脂肪酸成份、滴点、熔化温度和结晶温度,从而测定其特性。氢化条件对氢化期间氢化棕榈液油的特性有很大影响,其中压力是个主导因素。在选择性和非选择性两种氢化条件下固体脂含量、滴点和熔点都随碘价的下降而逐渐增加。相同碘价时,选择性氢化的固体脂含量高于非选择性。氢化开始阶段,选择性和非选择性氢化反应速率都迅速增加,但非选择性氢化的速率大大高于选择性氢化。对选择性氢化来说,在氢化进行30min之后,硬脂酸的增加和油酸的减少都有减缓的趋势。将30％的具有不同滴点的选择性和非选择性氢化棕榈液油分别与70％的液体葵花籽油混合,然后研究它们的晶形转移。将氢化棕榈液油加入液体葵花籽油中能有效地推迟结晶由日,型向日型的转移。这样推迟作用主要是由于混合物的三甘酯脂肪酸成分的多样化所致。

气相色谱-质谱法定性分析蒽醌系列工作液的组成

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对双氧水生产用乙基蒽醌工作液/氢化液组成进行分析,结合蒽醌工作液制备双氧水的反应原理,形成了乙基蒽醌工作液/氢化液的组成信息表。同样采用GC-MS对戊基蒽醌工作液/氢化液的组成进行分析,结合乙基蒽醌工作液/氢化液的组成信息,推测戊基蒽醌工作液/氢化液中组成的可能结构信息,形成了戊基蒽醌工作液/氢化液组成信息表。该法可以为蒽醌法生产双氧水的企业提供降解物的相关信息,为脱除无效降解物提供参考。

巧克力涂层基料油的理化性质及其相容性研究

选用棕榈油中间分提物(PMF)、全氢化棕榈仁液油(HPKOL)、可可脂(CB)作为巧克力涂层的基料油,对其理化性质及其相容性进行分析。结果表明,当两相体系PMF-HPKOL中PMF含量在30%以下时,共晶现象较弱。PMF和HPKOL混合可以作为涂层油脂配方,用于开发无反式脂肪酸巧克力涂层。添加可可脂会导致三相体系(PMF-HPKOL-CB)严重的共晶现象,因此在代可可脂涂层配方中不宜再添加可可脂。

Effects of reaction parameters on preparation of Cu nanoparticles via aqueous solution reduction method with NaBH_4

The preparation of Cu nanoparticles by the aqueous solution reduction method was investigated. The effects of different reaction parameters on the preparation of Cu nanoparticles were studied. The optimum conditions for preparing well-dispersed nanoparticles were found as follows: 0.4 mol/L NaBH4 was added into solution containing 0.2 mol/L Cu2+, 1.0% gelatin dispersant in mass fraction, and 1.2 mol/L NH3?H2O at pH 12 and 313 K. In addition, a series of experiments were performed to discover the reaction process. NH3?H2O was found to be able to modulate the reaction process. At pH=10, Cu2+ was transformed to Cu(NH3)42+ as precursor after the addition of NH3?H2O, and then Cu(NH3)42+ was reduced by NaBH4 solution. At pH=12, Cu2+ was transformed to Cu(OH)2 as precursor after the addition of NH3?H2O, and Cu(OH)2 was then reduced by NaBH4 solution.

Research Development of Control Technology of Hydrogen Sulfide in Biogas Slurry

In order to provide help for the accurate application of biogas slurry in the field, the application of biogas slurry and control technology of hydrogen sulfide in biogas slurry were reviewed. Results of recent researches suggested that source control and end-treatment were the two measures to remove hydrogen sulfide in biogas slurry, including physical method, chemical method and biological method. Some conventional deodorizing methods were introduced and compared.

Experimental Study on Refinery Gas Desulfurization Using Gas-Liquid Membrane Contactor

Gas-liquid contactors equipped with polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） or polypropylene （PP） hydrophobic membranes were applied for removal of sulfur dioxide from refinery gas. Pure water, NaOH solution and MDEA were adopted as the absorbents. The performance of the two kinds of membranes for separation of SO2 was evaluated in terms of the concentration of absorbent solution, the concentration of SO2, and the feed flow rate. The efficiency for removal of SO2 increased with an increasing absorbent concentration. Upon increasing the concentration of SO2 and the feed flow rate, the desulfurization efficiency was decreased.

Selective propylene epoxidation in liquid phase using highly dispersed Nb catalysts incorporated in mesoporous silicates

Selective propylene epoxidation to propylene oxide(PO) with hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) was carried out in a catalytic semi-batch reactor.High propylene epoxidation activity(44 h^(-1)) was observed over Nb based mesoporous silicate materials Nb-TUD-1 under mild operating conditions.The physical and chemical properties of the Nb based silicates characterized using BET,FTIR,TPD,TEM and UV–Vis revealed that the site isolation and surface acidity are crucial for PO production.Catalyst synthesis methods were investigated for their effects on PO productivity,PO selectivity and H_2O_2 utilization efficiency.It is found that Nb-TUD-1 material synthesized by the sol–gel method is more active and selective than impregnated materials for liquid phase propylene epoxidation.Surface characterization confirms that thus synthesized Nb-TUD-1 catalysts have more Lewis acidity and less Bronsted acidity compared to the catalysts by impregnation.

Relationship Between Structures and Reactivity of Polycyclic Arenes Toward Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation reactions of polycyclic arenes (PAs) were carried out in the presence of Ni and sulfur at 300 ℃ to examine the structural effect of PAs on their reactivities toward hydrogenation. Hydrogen was observed to be transferred preferentially to some fixed positions in PAs and different PAs displayed some difference in hydrogenation reactivity. The results can be interpreted on the hydrogen accepting ability of carbon atoms from different positions in PAs and the resonance stability of aryl radicals resulting from H atom addition as well as the adsorption strength of PAs on catalyst surface.

Effect of oxalate on seed precipitation of gibbsite from sodium aluminate solution

The precipitation performance and kinetics of gibbsite from sodium aluminate solution with different sodium oxalate concentrations as well as the corresponding influence mechanism of oxalate during the seed precipitation process were systematically investigated by physicochemical properties test,using SEM and Raman spectra.As the concentration of sodium oxalate increases,both the precipitation rate and particle size of gibbsite decrease.The presence of sodium oxalate not only increases the viscosity of sodium aluminate solution,but also promotes the transformation of Al(OH)4^? to Al2O(OH)6^2?.The overall reaction rate constant decreases and the apparent activation energy of gibbsite increases with the increasing sodium oxalate concentration,the rate controlling step of which is chemical reaction.The needle-like sodium oxalate precipitates on the gibbsite crystals and covers the active Al(OH)3 seed sites,which leads to the lower precipitation rate and the finer particle size of gibbsite during the seed precipitation process.

Copper solvent extraction from alkaline cyanide solution with guanidine extractant LIX 7950

The use of the guanidine extractant LIX 7950 extracting copper and cyanide from alkaline cyanide solution was investigated.The extraction of copper and cyanide under different initial copper and extractant concentrations was examined and the stoichiometric extraction constant of Cu(CN)32- with LIX 7950 was calculated.Both the distribution coefficient and the stoichiometric extraction constant of Cu(CN)3 2-with LIX 7950 decrease when the temperature is varied from 25℃to 45℃, indicating the extraction process is exothermic.The calculated enthalpy change of the reaction(-HΘ)is about-190 kJ/mol.The copper extraction isotherms under different molar ratios of cyanide to copper are established.The preferential extraction of Cu(CN)32- over Cu(CN)4 3-and CN -has been confirmed and a high cyanide-to-copper molar ratio tends to suppress copper loading. The loaded copper and cyanide can be stripped efficiently by the moderately strong NaOH solutions(0.5-1.0 mol/L)and the presence of NaCN in the stripping solution facilitates copper stripping.

The Most Probable Mechanism Function and Kinetic Parameters of Gibbsite Dissolution in NaOH

Determination of probable mechanism function and kinetic parameters is important to hydrometallurgical kinetics.In this work,the most probable mechanism function and kinetic parameters of gibbsite dissolution in NaOH solution are studied.The sample,the mixture of synthetic gibbsite and sodium hydroxide solution,was scanned in high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) equipment with the heating rate of 10 K·min-1. Integral equation and differential equation of non-isothermal kinetics were solved to fit the data related to DSC curve.According to the calculation results,the most probable mechanism function for pure synthetic gibbsite dissolution in sodium hydroxide solution is presented based on the optimum procedure in the database of the mechanism function.The apparent activation energy obtained is(75±1) kJ·mol-1,the frequency factor is 10 8±1mol·s-1,and the reaction is a second order reaction.

Extraction of Keratin Protein from Chicken Feather

The present research was conducted to extract keratin protein from chicken feathers. Protein is an important nutrient needed by our body to maintain body structures and is an important ingredient for cosmetic products. Chicken feathers have high level of keratin protein content and can become a suitable protein source. The main processes involved are first dissolving chicken feathers using different reducing agents and later on separating the protein from chemicals. Reducing agents used are potassium cyanide, thioglycolic acid and sodium sulphide. Once the feathers are dissolved using reducing agents, ammonium sulfate solution is added to the solution for the precipitation of protein. The precipitated protein is washed with water several times and sodium hydroxide solution is used to obtain protein back in the solution form. Out of three different reducing agents used, sodium sulfide gives the highest efficiency in dissolving chicken feathers since the feathers are dissolved in a very short period of time. The percentage of keratin protein is evaluated by means of biuret test and FTIR analysis. The analysis by FTIR confirmed the presence of carboxyl acid and amino groups in the protein solution. The biuret test helps in determining the concentration of protein obtained from different methods. Thus these two tests confirm the presence of protein in the solution. From this research, it can be concluded that protein can be extracted from chicken feathers. The keratin protein solution can be used for several purposes such as anti-aging cream, shampoo, and conditioner and for medical purposes such as bone replacement and bone graft.

Effect of ferrite content on dissolution kinetics of gibbsitic bauxite under atmospheric pressure in NaOH solution

The dissolution property of high-ferrite gibbsitic bauxite and the effect of ferrite content on the dissolution kinetics of gibbsitic bauxites in sodium hydroxide solution under atmospheric pressure from 50 to 90 °C were systematically investigated.The dissolution property of high-ferrite gibbsitic bauxite is increased by increasing the dissolution temperature and the Na OH concentration or decreasing the particle size of bauxite,which is easy to dissolve under atmospheric pressure.The kinetic equations of gibbsitic bauxites with different ferrite contents during the dissolution process at different temperatures for different times were established,and the corresponding activation energies were calculated.The ferrite in the gibbsitic bauxite reduces the dissolution speed and increases the activation energy of dissolution,the diffusion process of which is the rate-controlling step.

Induction of defence gene expression by oligogalacturonic acid requires in-creases in both cytosolic calcium and hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis thaliana

Responses to oligogalacturonic acid (OGA) were determined in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings expressing the calcium reporter protein aequorin. OGA stimulated a rapid, substantial and transient increase in the concentration of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) that peaked after ca. 15 s. This increase was dose-dependent, saturating at ca. 50 μg Gal equiv/ml of OGA. OGA also stimulated a rapid generation of H2O2. A small, rapid increase in H2O2 content was followed by a much larger oxidative burst, with H2O2 content peaking after ca. 60 min and declining thereafter. Induction of the oxidative burst by OGA was also dose-dependent, with a maximum response again being achieved at ca. 50 μg Gal equiv/mL. Inhibitors of calcium fluxes inhibited both increases in [Ca2+]cyt and [H2O2], whereas inhibitors of NADPH oxidase blocked only the oxidative burst. OGA increased strongly the expression of the defence-related genes CHS,GST, PAL and PR-1. This induction was suppressed by inhibitors of calcium flux or NADPH oxidase, indicating that increases in both cytosolic calcium and H2O2 are required for OGA-induced gene expression.

Improving performance of direct coal liquefaction through swelling with solvent under the radiation of ultrasonic wave

Three kinds of lower rank bituminous coals from Yanzhou mine and Tengxian mine from Shandong Province were treated and hydrogenated in the study. The test re- sults show that the performance of hydrogenation liquefaction of the pretreated coals is improved markedly. Under the test condition of H2 initial pressure 8.2 MPa, addition of FeSO4·7H2O and S as catalyst, final reacting temperature 400 ℃ and reacting time 1.5 h, the oil yield of pretreated YZ1 coal is 69.76% compared with 62.53% of oil yield of un- treated YZ1. Seminally the oil yield of pretreated YZ2 coal is 55.43% compared with 20.88% of untreated YZ2 coal. The results of tests also prove that the improving degree of hydrogenation liquefaction of the pretreated coals is related with radiation duration when the radiation frequency and radiation power of ultrasonic wave are fixed.

Simultaneous Determination of Halogen Compounds and Sulfur Oxides in Flue Gas by Ion Chromatography

Ion chromatography （IC） is a suitable analytical method for the determination of anions. As analytical methods for the halogen compounds in flue gas, those of bromine compound, fluorine compound, chlorine （Cl2） and hydrogen chloride （HCI） are listed in JIS. However, IC has not been adopted in JIS except for HCI and C12. Because the carbon dioxide in flue gas is absorbed in a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution as an absorber, it is interfered with the measurement of F^- and Cl^- ions. This paper describes the development of the pretreatment equipment for the flue gas analysis by IC, and its applications to real flue gas analysis. The F^-, Cl^-, Br^- and SO4^2- in the absorbing solution can be clearly separated by IC using the pretreatment equipment. The halogen compounds and sulfur oxides in flue gas can be simultaneously determined by IC.