苯和氯苯衍生物氧化羟基化反应规律的研究

采用V2O5催化剂,30%H2O2为氧化剂,醋酸为溶剂,研究了苯、苯酚、氯苯、邻(间、对)二氯苯等氧化羟基化反应规律。结果表明:在实验条件下,苯酚氧化活性明显高于苯氧化活性,但易导致深度氧化;氯苯的氧化活性略高于苯;氯苯氧化羟基化反应中,氯的对位氧化的相对选择性约为邻位或间位相对选择性的4~5倍;二氯苯氧化羟基化反应的选择性受两个氯共同影响,某位置的相对选择性约等于每个氯单独存在时相对选择性的乘积。

烯烃的高锰酸钾羟基化的条件

在现行的各种有机化学教科书中,对烯烃的高锰酸钾羟基化反应的介质条件叙述很不一致,本文旨在论证只有在较强的碱性介质中,用冷的稀高锰酸钾水溶液氧化烯烃时,才有利于烯烃转变为邻二醇。

原位产生的3-羟基-2,4,6-吡啶三酸配位的Cu(Ⅱ)配合物的合成及配体反应机理分析(英文)

以2,4,6-三甲基吡啶(2,4,6-tmpy)和Cu(NO3)2为原料,采用水热法原位合成一个新的含3-羟基-2,4,6-吡啶三酸根(2,4,6-opyta3-)的Cu(Ⅱ)配合物[Cu2(2,4,6-opyta)(H2O)2]·2H2O,并对其进行了红外、元素分析和X-射线单晶衍射测定。单晶结构分析表明,该配合物中Cu1、Cu2均采取五配位的四方锥几何构型,[Cu4(2,4,6-opyta)2(H2O)4]结构基元间通过Cu1-O5配位作用连成波浪形的层状结构。结晶水、配位水及羧基氧之间存在丰富的氢键作用进一步将二维层拓展成三维超分子网络。新产生的配体2,4,6-opyta3-是由Cu(Ⅱ)诱导HNO3氧化2,4,6-tmpy发生氧化和羟基化反应原位合成的。

Realizing efficient electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on a freestanding Ni(OH)_(2)/nickel foam catalyst

With the continuous improvement of solar energy production capacity,how to effectively use the electricity generated by renewable solar energy for electrochemical conversion of biomass is a hot topic.Electrochemical conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)to biofuels and value-added oxygenated commodity chemicals provides a promising and alternative pathway to convert re-newable electricity into chemicals.Although nickel-based eletrocatalysts are well-known for HMF oxidation,their relatively low intrinsic activity,poor conductivity and stability still limit the poten-tial applications.Here,we report the fabrication of a freestanding nickel-based electrode,in which Ni(OH)_(2) species were in-situ constructed on Ni foam(NF)support using a facile ac-id-corrosion-induced strategy.The Ni(OH)2/NF electrocatalyst exhibits stable and efficient electro-chemical HMF oxidation into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA)with HMF conversion close to 100% with high Faraday efficiency.In-situ formation strategy results in a compact interface between Ni(OH)_(2) and NF,which contributes to good conductivity and stability during electrochemical reac-tions.The superior performance benefits from dynamic cyclic evolution of Ni(OH)_(2) to NiOOH,which acts as the reactive species for HMF oxidation to FDCA.A scaled-up device based on a continu-ous-flow electrolytic cell was also established,giving stable operation with a high FDCA production rate of 27 mg h^(-1)cm^(−2).This job offers a straightforward,economical,and scalable design strategy to design efficient and durable catalysts for electrochemical conversion of valuable chemicals.

黑色素基靶向纳米药物用于乳腺癌的光热治疗

为提高小尺寸黑色素纳米颗粒(MNP)在肿瘤部位的靶向效应,设计合成了一种在肿瘤微酸性环境下可降解的羟基磷灰石杂化介孔氧化硅(MSN/HAP)对其进行负载,结合RGD导向肽构建了一种新型靶向纳米药物(MAN/HAP-MNP-RGD),用于小鼠乳腺癌的多模态成像和光热治疗.对纳米颗粒进行了理化性能、细胞和活体实验.结果表明,颗粒尺寸约为60 nm,MNP的负载量为37.7%,在微酸性环境中呈现较好的降解性,且纳米颗粒的光热转化效率(η)高达40.29%.细胞实验结果也证明了纳米颗粒的高效摄取和对细胞的光热杀伤效果.此外,光声成像和磁共振成像结果表明,纳米颗粒在肿瘤部位表现出更高的累积和更长时间的滞留.活体实验结果证明,MAN/HAP-MNP-RGD具有最佳的治疗效果且具有很高的生物安全性,展现出潜在的应用前景.

Selective oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene over a hydroxylated boron nitride catalyst

Boron nitride containing hydroxyl groups efficiently catalysed oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene,offering rather high selectivity（95%） but only small amount of CO2 formation（0.4%） at a given ethane conversion of 11%.Even at high conversion level of 63%,the selectivity of ethylene retained at 80%,which is competitive with the energy-demanding industrialized steam cracking route.A long-term test for 200 h resulted in stable conversion and product selectivity,showing the excellent catalytic stability.Both experimental and computational studies have identified that the hydrogen abstraction of B-OH groups by molecular oxygen dynamically generated the active sites and triggered ethane dehydrogenation.

Theoretical Study on Impact of Single Water Molecule on OH＋O3 Reaction

Quantum chemical calculations are performed to study the reactions of OH and ozone with- out and with water to estimate whether the single water molecule can decrease the energy barrier of the OH radical reaction with ozone. The calculated results demonstrate that the single water molecule can reduce the activated barrier of the naked OH＋Oa reaction with the value of about 4.18 kJ/mol. In addition, the transition state theory is carried out to determine whether the single water molecule could enhance the rate constant of the OH＋O3 reaction. The computed kinetic data indicate that the rate of the ozone reaction with the formed complexes between OH and water is much slower than that of the OH＋O3 reaction, whereas the rate constant of OH reaction with the formed H20---Oa complex is 2 times greater than that of the naked OH radical with ozone reaction. However, these processes in the atmosphere are not important because the reactions can not compete well with the naked reaction of OH with ozone under atmospheric condition.

Oxidation of glycerol with H_2O_2 on Pb-promoted Pd/γ-Al_2O_3 catalysts

A series of bimetallic Pd-Pb catalysts with a constant Pd content of 1 wt%and Pb/Pd atomic ratio from 0 to 1.6 supported on γ-Al2O3 were prepared and used for glycerol oxidation with H2O2 as the oxidizing agent at atmospheric pressure,45℃ and pH =11.The morphology and dispersion of the catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（SEM-EDX） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）.The presence of an alloy phase in the bimetallic catalyst was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）.Glycerol conversion obtained with the monometallic Pd catalyst was 19%,which was increased to 100%with the addition of Pb.The four bimetallic PdPb catalysts were able to oxidize glycerol to dihydroxyacetone（DIHA） and the selectivity to DIHA reached 59%,58%,34%and 25%for PdPb0.25,PdPb0.50,PdPb1.00 and PdPbl.60 catalysts,respectively.

Mesoporous polyoxometalate-based ionic hybrid as a highly effective heterogeneous catalyst for direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol

Self‐assembled mesoporous polyoxometalate‐based ionic hybrid catalyst,[PxyDim]2.5PMoV2,was prepared by combining p‐xylene‐tethered diimidazole ionic liquid[PxyDim]Cl2with Keggin‐structured V‐substituted polyoxometalate H5PMo10V2O40.The obtained hybrid was shown to be a mesostructured and hydrophobic material with good thermal stability.In the H2O2‐based hydroxylation of benzene to phenol,the hybrid showed extraordinary catalytic activity and rate,and quite stable reusability.The unique hydrophobic properties and mesoporous structure of the hybrid were responsible for its excellent catalytic performance.

A “Green” Cyclohexanone Oxidation Route Catalyzed by Hollow Titanium Silicate Zeolite for Preparing ε-Caprolactone,6-Hydroxyhexanoic Acid and Adipic Acid

Hollow titanium silicalite （HTS） molecular sieve has been synthesized, and information on its structure, physico- chemical characterization, as well as surface property was investigated by a host of analytical methods, such as XRF, XRD, low-temperature N2 adsorption/desorption, TEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis, 29Si MAS NIVIR, and XPS techniques. The characterization results suggest that HTS zeolite has a special hollow crystal structure and its mesopore volume is larger than that of TS-1 zeolite. The titanium species in this zeolite are composed of the framework tetrahedral Ti （IV） ions and extra-framework octahedral Ti （IV） ions, which tend to disperse into its bulk phase. This zeolite material also has been applied to catalyze the cyclohexanone oxidation process, and the products are not completely consistent with those results obtained by using TS-1 zeolite, which might be caused by their difference in pore structure and pore volume, especially the mesopore volume. Cy- clohexanone oxidation catalyzed by HTS zeolite is a representative consecutive reaction, the main target products of which are e-caprolactone, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid and adipic acid. The effect of H202/cyclohexanone mole ratio on the cyclohexa- none conversion, the total target product selectivity, the distribution of three target products selectivity and their variations along with reaction time is also researched and analyzed, which indicate that HTS zeolite shows a high performance for the Baeyer-Villiger reaction of cyclohexanone and catalytic oxidation of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid under mild conditions, and the quantity of active surface titanium species as well as the pore structure and mesopore volume controlling the mass diffusion rate are the key factors determining the catalytic activity of HTS zeolite and product selectivity.

Oxidation of 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid catalyzed by carbon nanotube‐supported Pd catalysts

The selective oxidation of 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan(BHMF)in this work was proven as a promising route to produce 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA),an emerging bio‐based building‐block with wide application.Under ambient pressure,the modified carbon nanotube‐supported Pd‐based catalysts demonstrate the maximum FDCA yield of 93.0%with a full conversion of BHMF after 60 min at 60°C,much superior to that of the traditional route using 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)as substrates(only a yield of 35.7%).The participation of PdH_(x) active species with metallic Pd can be responsible for the encouraging performance.Meanwhile,a possible reaction pathway proceeding through 2,5‐diformylfuran(DFF)and 5‐formyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid(FFCA)as process intermediates is suggested for BHMF route.The present work may provide new opportunities to synthesize other high value‐added oxygenates by using BHMF as an alternative feedstock.

Highly selective production of phenol from benzene over mesoporous silica-supported chromium catalyst:Role of response surface methodology in optimization of operating variables

A Cr/SBA-16 catalyst was prepared using Cr（NO3）3 as a precursor and mesoporous silica SBA-16 as a support via a simple impregnation method. The catalyst was characterized using wide-angle X-ray diffraction （XRD）, low-angle XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The catalyst activity was investigated in the direct bydroxylation of benzene to phenol using H2O2 as the oxidant. Various operating variables, namely reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of H2O2, and catalyst dosage, were optimized using central composite design combined with response surface methodology （RSM）. The results showed that the correla- tion between the independent parameters and phenol yield was represented by a second-order polynomial model. The high correlation coefficient （R2）, i.e., 0.985, showed that the data predicted using RSM were in good agreement with the experimental results. The optimization results also showed that high selectivity for phenol was achieved at the optimized values of the operating variables： reaction temperature 324 K, reaction time 8 h, H2O2 content 3.28 mL, and catalyst dosage 0.09 g. This study showed that RSM was a reliable method for optimizing process variables for benzene hydroxylation to phenol.

Copper‐doped nickel oxyhydroxide for efficient electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation

Rational design of low‐cost and efficient electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR)is imperative for electrocatalytic ethanol fuel cells.In this work,we developed a copper‐doped nickel oxyhydroxide(Cu‐doped NiOOH)catalyst via in situ electrochemical reconstruction of a NiCu alloy.The introduction of Cu dopants increases the specific surface area and more defect sites,as well as forms high‐valence Ni sites.The Cu‐doped NiOOH electrocatalyst exhibited an excellent EOR performance with a peak current density of 227 mA·cm^(–2)at 1.72 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode,high Faradic efficiencies for acetate production(>98%),and excellent electrochemical stability.Our work suggests an attractive route of designing non‐noble metal based electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation.

An Improvement on Si-etching Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Solution

An optimal concentration of the etching solution for deep etching of silicon, including 3% tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and 0.3% (NH4)2S2O8, was achieved in this paper. For this etching solution, the etching rates of silicon and silicon dioxide were about 1.1μm·min-1 and 0.5nm·min-1, respectively. The etching ratio between (100) and (111) planes was about 34:1, and the etched surface was very smooth.

Synthesis of α-hydroxy ketones by copper（Ⅰ）-catalyzed hydration of propargylic alcohols: CO2 as a cocatalyst under atmospheric pressure

Inexpensive and efficient Cu(Ⅰ) catalysis is reported for the synthesis of α-hydroxy ketones from propargylic alcohols, CO2, and water via tandem carboxylative cyclization and nucleophilic addition reaction. Notably, hydration of propargylic alcohols can be carried out smoothly under atmospheric CO2 pressure, generating a series of α-hydroxy ketones efficiently and selectively. This strategy shows great potential for the preparation of valuable α-hydroxy ketones by using CO2 as a crucial cocatalyst under mild conditions.

Selective C3-alkenylation of oxindole with aldehydes using heterogeneous CeO2 catalyst

We report herein that a commercially available CeO2 is an active and reusable catalyst for the C3-selective alkenylation of oxindole with aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. This catalytic method is generally applicable to different aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, giving 3-alkyledene-oxindoles in high yields(87%–99%) and high stereoselectivities(79%–93% to E-isomers). This is the first example of the catalytic synthesis of 3-alkenyl-oxindoles from oxindole and various aliphatic aldehydes. The Lewis acid-base interaction between Lewis acid sites on CeO2 and benzaldehyde was studied by in situ IR. The structure-activity relationship study using CeO2 catalysts with different sizes suggests that defect-free CeO2 surface is the active site for this reaction.

Selective Se doping of NiFe_(2)O_(4) on an active NiOOH scaffold for efficient and robust water oxidation

There remains a challenge in designing electrocatalysts for water oxidation to create highly efficient catalytic sites for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)while maintaining their robustness at large outputs.Herein,an etching-assisted synthesis approach was developed to integrate highly active NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with a robust and active NiOOH scaffold directly on commercial stainless steel.A precise selenization strategy was then introduced to achieve selective Se doping of NiFe2O4 to further enhance its intrinsic OER activity while maintaining a three-dimensional NiOOH nanosheet array as a robust scaffold for prompt mass transfer and gas evolution.The resulting NiFe2O4-xSex/NiOOH electrode exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity with low overpotentials of 153 and 259 mV to deliver benchmark current densities of 10 and 500 mA cm^(−2),respectively.More importantly,the catalyst exhibited remarkable durability at a stable current output of 100 mA cm^(−2)for hundreds of hours.These findings may open up opportunities for exploring efficient and robust electrocatalysts for scalable hydrogen production with practical materials.

Continuous Flow Reactor for Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol by Hydrogen Peroxide

The direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol catalyzed by activated carbon-supported Fe （Fe/AC） in acetonitrile using H2O2 as the oxidant was studied in a continuous flow reactor. Results showed that the continuous operation could obtain high phenol yield of 28.1%, coupled with the turnover frequency of 3 h^-1, and high selectivity of 98% under mild condition. The catalyst was characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, Boehm titration, X-ray photoelectron spectra, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was observed that iron may interact with the carboxyl group forming iron-carboxylate like species, which act as the active phase. The apparent activation energy obtained by fitting an Arrhenius model to the experimental data was 13.4 kJ/mol. The reaction order was calculated to be about i, 0.2 for benzene and 0.7 for H202.

铜催化的直接型插烯反应研究进展

插烯反应可以在母体官能团的γ-位(或更远的位置)引入一个新的官能团,所生成的含有多个官能团的结构单元(尤其是手性结构单元)广泛存在于天然产物、生物活性分子和药物分子中,并且可用作有机合成的中间体.因而,插烯反应(尤其是不对称插烯反应)近年来引起了化学家的广泛关注.铜作为一种廉价过渡金属,被广泛用作多种反应的金属催化剂(包括插烯反应).我们对自己课题组在铜催化的直接型插烯反应领域的研究工作进行了总结.根据亲电试剂的不同,将研究分为三部分内容:不对称插烯羟醛缩合反应、不对称插烯曼尼希反应和插烯氧化羟基化反应.线性的α,β-或β,γ-不饱和化合物(包括酯、醛酮、酰胺、磷酸酯、砜和腈等)被用作插烯反应中亲核试剂的前体.通过选用不同的铜催化剂,反应过程中的区域选择性、非对映选择性和对映选择性得到了较好的控制.

Hydroxylation of phenol with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Fe- and AIFe-Bentonite

The paper described pillarisations of natural bentonite from Pacitan East Java of Indonesia by using AI and Fe. Intercalation process by using surfactant molecule has also been carried out. Natural bentonite was intercalated with HDTMA-Br （hexadecyltrimethylammonium-bromide） 1, 5% solution before pillared with AI and Fe metal to give HDTMA-bentonite forms. The ratio of bentonite and intercalating agent or pillaring agent was 1 gr/50 mL. The mixture was agitated, and then the solid phase was washed with distilled water. Then it was dried and calcined at 450℃ for 4 hours. Their catalytic activity and selectivity were studied for phenol hydroxylation using tlzOz （30%）. The reaction condition of this reaction was as follows： ratio of phenol/ H202 = 1：1 （molar ratio）, concentration of phenol = 1 M, reaction temperature was 60℃, and ratio of catalyst/phenol was 1：10. The products were hydroquinone and cathecol.