Enhancement of bio-oxidation of refractory arsenopyritic gold ore by adding pyrolusite in bioleaching system

Pyrolusite was added in the bioleaching process to enhance the bio-oxidation process. Bioleaching tests at different dosages of pyrolusite ore, pH and inoculation amounts of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were studied. The results showed that the time of the bio-oxidation process was decreased obviously and the arsenic leaching rate reached 94.4% after the bioleaching. The bio-oxidation of arsenopyrite and the effective extraction of manganese from pyrolusite were achieved by the bioleaching process. After bioleaching, the leaching rate of gold from the reaction residues reached 95.8% by cyanide leaching. In the bio-oxidation process, pyrolusite increased the redox potential of the solution to accelerate the bioleaching rate. The experiment showed that there were two reaction modes in the bioleaching process.

WorldView-2高分蚀变遥感异常定量提取方法研究

本文通过分析北岔沟门铅锌矿勘查区已知矿床（点）围岩、矿化蚀变岩及背景岩石硅酸盐13项分析数据及其样品粉末实测波谱数据，表明该区铅锌矿化围岩、蚀变岩石中氧化铁、氧化硫的含量远高于背景岩石中相应氧化物的含量。应用逐步回归、最小二乘回归方法建立了样品粉末WV-2高分遥感反射率与氧化铁＋氧化硫含量高分遥感定量反演模型，二者间拟合系数为0．629，进而利用WV-2高分遥感数据反演了工作区内基岩出露区域氧化铁＋氧化硫的含量，并对反演结果进行密度分割。结果表明：氧化铁＋氧化硫含量在1—35％间时与工作区已知矿床（点）和野外检查结果较为一致。最后分析了氧化铁＋氧化硫的地质意义，为该区地质找矿工作提供了新的方向和技术手段。

Comparison of Fe^(2+) oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in rotating-drum and stirred-tank reactors

Fe2＋ oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans（At.ferrooxidans） under different solid contents by adding inert Al2O3 powder was examined in rotating-drum and stirred-tank reactors.The results show that the bioactivity of At.ferrooxidans in the stirred-tank is higher than that in the rotating-drum in the absence of Al2O3 powder,but the biooxidation rate of Fe2＋ decreases markedly from 0.23 g/（L·h） to 0.025 g/（L·h） with increasing the content of Al2O3 powder from 0 to 50%（mass fraction） in the stirred-tank probably due to the deactivation of At.ferrooxidans resulting from the collision and friction of solid particles.The increase in Al2O3 content has a little adverse effect on the bioactivity of At.ferrooxidans in the rotating-drum due to different mixing mechanisms of the two reactors.The biooxidation rate of Fe2＋ in the rotating-drum is higher than that in the stirred-tank at the same content of Al2O3 powder,especially at high solid content.The higher bioactivity of At.ferrooxidans can be maintained for allowing high solid content in the rotating-drum reactor,but its application potential still needs to be verified further by the sulfide bioleaching for the property differences of Al2O3 powder and sulfide minerals.

Bioleaching of low-grade copper sulfide ores by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

The grown conditions of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans were investigated,and then experiments were conducted to research the bioleaching behaviors of crude ore of copper sulfide and hand-picked concentrates of chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.The experimental results show that the bacteria grow best when the temperature is(30±1) °C and the pH value is 2.0.The bacteria concentration is 2.24×107 mL-1 in this condition.It is found that the copper extraction yield is affected by the inoculum size and the pulp density and the extraction yield increases as the inoculum size grows.The bioleaching rates reach their highest point in sulfide copper and chalcopyrite with a pulp density of 5% and 10%,respectively.Column flotation experiments of low-grade copper sulfide ores show that the bioleaching recovery reaches nearly 45% after 75 days.

Relationships among bioleaching performance, additional elemental sulfur, microbial population dynamics and its energy metabolism in bioleaching of chalcopyrite

To estimate the relationships among bioleaching performance, additional elemental sulfur （S0）, microbial population dynamics and its energy metabolism, bioleaching of chalcopyrite by three typical sulfur- and/or iron-oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans with different levels of sulfur were studied in batch shake flask cultures incubated at 30 °C. Copper dissolution capability （71%） was increased with the addition of 3.193 g/L S0, compared to that （67%） without S0. However, lower copper extraction was obtained in bioleaching with excessive sulfur. Microbial population dynamics during chalcopyrite bioleaching process was monitored by using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP）. Additional S0 accelerated the growth of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, inhibited the iron-oxidizing metabolism and led to the decrease of iron-oxidizing microorganisms, finally affected iron concentration, redox potential and bioleaching performance. It is suggested that mixed iron and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms with further optimized additional S0 concentration could improve copper recovery from chalcopyrite.

Effect of Calcium Oxide Additive on the Performance of Iron Oxide Sorbent for High-Temperature Coal Gas Desulfurization

The effect of calcium oxide additive in iron oxide sorbent for hot gas desulfurization was investigated by XRD and TPR techniques.XRD characterization showed that CaO was highly dispersed after the calcination of sorbents.Calcium sulfate formed in the desulfurization was decomposed and regenerated to CaO by reacting with CO before the next sulfidation process.Calcium participated in every sulfidation/regeneration cycle and contributed to the enhancement of sulfur capacity.The TPR results showed that the reduction temperature of the sorbent increased with the increase of the content of calcium.Calcium played a role of retarding reduction.Therefore,the addition of calcium oxide additive will benefit the utilization of iron oxide sorbent in strongly reducing atmospheres.

Bioleaching and electrochemical properties of chalcopyrite by pure and mixed culture of Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Acidthiobacillus thiooxidans

The bioleaching of chalcopyrite was investigated using a pure and mixed culture consisting of iron-oxidizing Leptospirillum ferriphilum （L. ferriphilum） and sulfur-oxidizing Acidthiobacillus thiooxidans （.4. thiooxidans）. The electrochemical tests were conducted to investigate the bioleaching behavior of chalcopyrite by various bacteria. Bioleaching efficiency of chalcopyrite in mixed culture is higher than that in the pure culture of L.ferriphilum alone. The iron-oxidizing L.ferriphilum plays a dominant role during bioleaching of chalcopyrite in the mixed culture of L. ferriphilum and A. thiooxidans. During bioleaching, certain values of redox potential are beneficial to the decomposition of chalcopyrite. Jarosite and sulfur are observed as products of bioleaching. The addition of A. thiooxidans during leaching by L. ferriphilum can change the electrochemical control steps of leaching. The corrosion current density is substantially promoted in the culture involving bacteria, especially in the mixed culture.

Oxidation of Mercaptans from Light Oil Sweetening by Fe_2O_3/MgO/Al_2O_3 Supported CoPcS Catalyst

MgO/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/MgO/Al2O3 solid bases were prepared through mixing method. After sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine （CoPcS） being supported on these solid bases, the catalytic performance of these catalysts was evaluated by means of mercaptan oxidation reaction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, CO2 temperature-programmed desorption （CO2-TPD）, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. Investigation was focused on the effect of Fe2O3 on activity, crystal structure, basicity, and stability of the catalyst and also on the role of Fe2O3 in the mercaptan oxidation processes. Test results have shown that the Fe2O3/MgO/Al2O3- CoPcS catalyst has a higher initial activity and a much longer service life than the MgO/Al2O3-CoPcS catalyst. The increased types of basic sites coupled with an enhanced oxidation ability resulted from the addition of Fe2O3 have contributed to the improvement of the catalytic activity of the MgO/Al2O3-CoPcS catalyst.

Removal of SO_2 from flue gas using Bayer red mud:Influence factors and mechanism

The absorbent composing of Bayer red mud and water was prepared and applied to removing SO2 from flue gas.Effects of the ratio of liquid to solid(L/S),the absorption temperature,the inlet SO2 concentration,the O2 concentration,SO4^2-and other different components of Bayer red mud on desulfurization were conducted.The mechanism of flue gas desulfurization was also established.The results indicated that L/S was the prominent factor,followed by the inlet SO2 concentration and the temperature was the least among them.The optimum condition was as follows:L/S,the temperature and the SO2 concentration were 20:1,25℃and 1000 mg/m^3,respectively,under the gas flow of 1.5 L/min.The desulfurization efficiency was not significantly influenced when O2 concentration was above 7%.The accumulation of SO4^2-inhibited the desulfurization efficiency.The alkali absorption and metal ions liquid catalytic oxidation were involved in the process,which accounted for 98.61%.

Mechanism of bioleaching chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in agar-simulated extracellular polymeric substances media

The mechanism of leaching chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans （,4. ferrooxidans） in agar-simulated extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） media was investigated. The results indicate that bacterial EPS can release H＋ and concentrate Fe3＋; Fe2＋ is movable between agar-simulated EPS phase and bulk solution phase, but it is difficult for Fe3＋ to move due to its hydroxylation and EPS complex action; A. ferrooxidans first prefer Fe2＋ as energy to metabolize compared with chalcopyrite, and a suitable simulated EPS environment for bacterial living is at about pH 1.8; the iron precipitates and jarosites formed by a lot of biologically oxidized Fe3 cover the simulated EPS easily and form an impermeable deposit acting as a limited barrier of ion transport that attenuates the aggressiveness of the bioleaching attack. The EPS layer blocked by iron precipitates or jarosites is responsible for the chalcopyrite passivation.

WorldView-2高分蚀变遥感异常定量提取方法研究

通过分析北岔沟门铅锌矿勘查区已知矿床(点)围岩、矿化蚀变岩及背景岩石硅酸盐13项分析数据及其样品粉末实测波谱数据,表明该区铅锌矿化围岩、蚀变岩石中氧化铁、氧化硫的含量远高于背景岩石中相应氧化物的含量。应用逐步回归、最小二乘回归方法建立了样品粉末WV-2高分遥感反射率与氧化铁+氧化硫含量高分遥感定量反演模型,二者间拟合系数为0.629,进而利用WV-2高分遥感数据反演了工作区内基岩出露区域氧化铁+氧化硫的含量,并对反演结果进行密度分割。结果表明,氧化铁+氧化硫含量在1%~35%间时与工作区已知矿床(点)和野外检查结果较为一致。最后分析了氧化铁+氧化硫的地质意义,为该区地质找矿工作提供了新的方向和技术手段。

Growth Characteristics of Mixed Bacteria and Its Solubilizing Effect on Low-grade Phosphate Rock

In this paper, the growth characteristics of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans （At.f） and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans （At. f） in mixed culture has been studied, explored mixed bacteria phosphate solubilization effect, from a kind of low-grade phosphate rock. The results show that mixed bacteria has strong ability to produce acid, and have stronger oxidation activity to energy source -Fe^2＋. Mixed bacteria can significantly increase the rate of phosphate solubilization from phosphate rock in low concentration pulp. It goes against mixed bacteria reproduction when pulp concentration increased, makes phosphate solubilization rate decreased.

Effect and mechanism of manganate preoxidation for organics removal

The performance and mechanism of manganate preoxidation process for organics removal were investigated in the present paper.The results showed that manganate was a potentially powerful oxidizing agent and could make the natural organic matter(NOM)concentration of sample solution increase.The process of manganate in combination with ferrous sulphate(FeMnO)was effective for organics removal and with the highest removal rate of 89%when the FeMnO dose was 0.18 mmol/L.The fluorescence analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity values related to hydrophobic acids and model humic acid polymers were the highest and the relative position of the main peak fluorescence intensity was shifted towards lower emission wavelengths,which indicated the reduction in the degree of aromaticity of residual organic matter fraction.