水滑石类化合物-氧化铈催化剂的制备及其光降解甲基橙的性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了LDHs-CeO2(LDHs为水滑石类化合物)催化剂,并将其用于光催化降解甲基橙溶液,考察了催化剂的原料配比、反应时间、甲基橙初始含量、甲基橙溶液的pH和催化剂用量对甲基橙降解率的影响;同时采用FTIR,XRD,SEM,TEM,EDS,TG等方法对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明,n(Mg)∶n(Al)∶n(Ce)=2∶1∶0.50的LDHs-CeO2催化剂活性最高,用该催化剂光催化降解甲基橙溶液的适宜条件为:250 mL甲基橙溶液,甲基橙初始质量浓度40 mg/L,pH=5,反应时间80 min(暗处静置20 min,光照时间60 min),催化剂用量0.3 g;在此条件下,甲基橙降解率达到98.69%。表征结果显示,LDHs-CeO2晶相单一,晶体结构一致,结晶度好,属于六方晶系,形貌为规则的片状结构,分散性较好。

氧化铈基催化剂在气相挥发性有机物降解领域的研究进展

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)作为大气污染物的主要来源日益受到关注。催化氧化技术被认为是最有效的VOCs降解方法之一,其核心是催化剂。氧化铈(CeO2)基催化剂因具有良好的储氧和释氧能力、价格相对低廉而备受关注。本文在论述CeO2基催化剂降解VOCs机理的基础上,分别从单一CeO2和CeO2基复合金属或金属氧化物两个方面总结了近年来氧化铈基催化剂在光(热)催化氧化VOCs领域的研究进展。指出,增加负载材料的多样性、探究反应机理的本质、开发催化效果好且成本效益高的催化剂产品是该领域未来的研发趋势。

大孔结构对CO优先氧化整体式CuO-CeO_2/α-Al_2O_3催化剂活性的影响

通过调整反相浓乳液的水相含量制备了两种不同大孔结构的整体式CuO-CeO_2/α-Al_2O_3催化剂,并将其用于富氢气体中CO优先氧化反应,考察了大孔结构对整体式CuO-CeO_2/α-Al_2O_3催化剂活性的影响;通过照相、SEM和H2-TPR等技术对催化剂进行了表征。H2-TPR表征结果显示,不同大孔结构的CuO-CeO2/α-Al2O3催化剂具有相同的还原性质;催化剂评价结果表明,大孔结构显著影响CuO-CeO_2/α-A1_2O_3催化剂的CO优先氧化性能,孔径增大有利于传质效率的提高,减少CO扩散限制,因此,随大孔孔径的增大,孔与孔之间连通性变好,催化剂的CO优先氧化性能提高。在原料气体积组成为1%CO、1%O_2、50%H_2、48%N_2及气态空速21 000 h^(-1)、反应温度140～160℃的条件下,大孔整体式CuO-CeO_2/α-A1_2O_3-88%(水相体积分数为88%)催化剂可将CO体积分数降至.01%以下。

CeO2修饰的Pt／SiC催化剂催化CO氧化反应的性能

以SiC为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Pt质量分数为1%的Pt/CeO2/SiC催化剂,采用X射线衍射、程序升温还原和CO化学吸附法对催化剂进行了表征。考察了CeO2添加量、焙烧温度、预还原温度等对Pt/CeO2/SiC催化剂催化CO氧化反应性能的影响。实验结果表明,添加助剂CeO2可显著提高催化剂表面活性组分Pt的分散度,且CeO2与Pt产生一定的相互作用,使催化剂活性显著提高;当Pt/CeO2/SiC催化剂中CeO2的质量分数为8%时,催化剂活性最高,CO的最低完全转化温度比Pt/SiC催化剂约低100℃;Pt/CeO2/SiC催化剂的最佳焙烧温度为500℃,最佳预还原温度为200℃。

CuO/CeO_2催化剂在水煤气变换反应中的活性

采用共沉淀法、沉积沉淀法和等体积浸渍法制备了CuO/CeO2催化剂,考察了CuO负载量和H2还原温度对该催化剂水煤气变换反应活性的影响。采用XRD、N2吸附、UV-Vis DRS、TEM、H2-TPR技术对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明,共沉淀法制备的20%(w)CuO/CeO2催化剂在200℃下还原后表现出较高的水煤气变换反应活性,反应温度250℃时CO转化率为19.6%。CuO在催化剂中或高度分散在载体表面,或以大颗粒形式存在,还原后生成活性组分Cu2O和Cu0。CuO与CeO2之间的强相互作用能阻止CuO颗粒聚集,降低其还原温度;但过度还原会破坏这种相互作用,使催化剂活性降低。

氧化铈基复合金属氧化物催化燃烧VOCs的研究进展

挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量逐年攀升,危害大气环境和人体健康。催化燃烧是目前最广泛的用于降解VOCs的处理技术之一。氧化铈无论是用于载体和活性组分都具有优异的特性。本文对氧化铈形貌控制复合催化剂、掺杂改性氧化铈载体、氧化铈复合双金属催化剂用于催化燃烧进行了总结,对氧化铈用于催化燃烧进行了展望。

Cr/CeO_2体系及其对乙烷脱氢反应催化性能的研究

The dehydrogenation reaction of ethane over Cr/CeO2 catalysts in presence of CO2 was studied with fixed-bed micro-reactor. The Cr/CeO2 catalysts of different Cr loading have been synthesized using impregnation techniques. The Cr/CeO2 system has already been found to be active and selective in the reaction at around 740 ℃. The function of carbon dioxide is to remove coke and hydrogen to accelerate dehydrogenation of ethane. The results of catalysts characterizations indicated that Cr3+ and Cr6+ occurred on the surface of the catalysts. The 1.2 mmol Cr/100m2 CeO2 catalyst sample with a monolayer dispersion of Cr on CeO2 support showed a stronger surface acidity and a maximum yield of ethylene of about 35.5% at 36.6% conversion of ethane.

Enhanced ethanol electro-oxidation on CeO_2-modified Pt/Ni catalysts in alkaline solution

Pt/Ni catalysts modified with CeO2 nanoparticles were prepared by simple composite electrodeposition of Ni and CeO2,and spontaneous Ni partial replacement by Pt processes.The as-prepared CeO2-modified Pt/Ni catalysts showed enhanced catalytic performance for ethanol electro-oxidation compared with pure Pt/Ni,and acetate species were proposed to be the main products of the oxidation when using these catalysts.The content of CeO2 in the as-prepared catalysts influenced their catalytic activity,with Pt/NiCe2（obtained from an electrolyte containing 100 mg/L CeO2 nanoparticles） exhibiting higher activity and relatively better stability in ethanol electro-oxidation.This was mainly due to the oxygen storage capacity of CeO2,the interaction between Pt and CeO2/Ni,and the relatively small contact and charge transfer resistances.The results of this work thus suggest that electrocatalysts with low price and high activity can be rationally designed and produced by a simple route for use in direct ethanol fuel cells.

CeO_(2)负载Co或Mn棒状复合材料对CO的催化氧化

用一步水热法制备了CeO_(2)负载的不同比例过渡金属(Co,Mn)棒状纳米材料,通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、Raman光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、BET比表面分析仪、H_(2)程序升温还原和CO程序升温脱附表征并分析了引入不同含量过渡金属(Co,Mn)对催化剂的晶格常数、表面不同价态元素含量、比表面积和CO催化氧化性能等的影响。此外,CeO_(2)负载的过渡金属(Co,Mn)相比于纯相CeO_(2)表现出更加优异的催化活性。Co-CeO_(2)催化氧化50%CO的温度(T_(50%))范围为97~133℃,Mn-CeO_(2)为107~195℃,其中,含有40%(摩尔分数)Co或Mn的Co-CeO_(2)和Mn-CeO_(2)表现出最佳的催化性能,T_(50%)分别为97℃和107℃。过渡金属(Co,Mn)的引入,使得催化剂表面的相互协同作用增强,产生更多的活性氧,从而有效地提高了材料的催化活性。

Synthesis of K-doped three-dimensionally ordered macroporous Mn_(0.5)Ce_(0.5)O_δ catalysts and their catalytic performance for soot oxidation

A series of K-doped Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ （K-MCO） catalysts with three-dimensionally ordered macroporous （3DOM） structure and different K loadings were successfully synthesized using simple methods. These catalysts exhibited well-defined 3DOM nanostructure, which consisted of extensive interconnecting networks of spherical voids. The effects of the calcination temperature and calcination time on the morphological characteristics and crystalline forms of the catalysts were systematically studied. The catalysts showed high catalytic activity for the combustion of soot. 3DOM 20% K-MCO-4h catalyst, in particular, showed the highest catalytic activity of all of the catalysts studied （e.g., Ts0 = 331 ~C and Smco2 = 95.3%）. The occurrence of structural and synergistic effects among the K, Mn, and Ce atoms in the catalysts was favorable for enhancing their catalytic activity towards the combustion of diesel soot. Furthermore, the temperatures required for the complete combustion of the soot （〈400 ℃） were well within the exhaust temperature range （175-400 ℃）, which means that the accumulated soot can be removed under the conditions of the diesel exhaust gas. These catalysts could therefore be used in numerous practical applications because they are easy to synthesize, exhibit high catalytic activity, and can be made from low cost materials.

Synthesis of Biomorphic ZrO2-CeO2 Nanostructures by Silkworm Silk Template

A simple and green technique has been developed to prepare hierarchical biomorphic ZrO2- CeO2, using silkworm silk as the template. Different from traditional immersion technics, the whole synthesis process depends more on the restriction or direction functions of the silkworm silk template. The analytic results showed that ZrO2-CeO2 exhibited a well-crystallized hierarchically interwoven hollow fiber structure with 16-28 μm in diameter. The grain size of the sample calcined at 800 ℃ was about 14 nm. Consequently, the interwoven meshwork at three dimensions is formed due to the direction of biotemplate. The action mechanism is summarily discussed here. It may bring the biomorphic ZrO2-CeO2 nanomaterials with hierarchical interwoven structures to more applications, such as catalysts.

CO oxidation over Au/ZrLa-doped CeO_2 catalysts: Synergistic effect of zirconium and lanthanum

The physicochemical properties of nanosized Au catalysts supported on doped CeO2 and their cata‐lytic performance for the CO oxidation reaction were investigated. The Au/Zr‐doped CeO2 catalyst is much more active than undoped Au/CeO2, while Au/ZrLa‐doped CeO2 shows the highest activity. Characterization of the catalysts by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, high‐resolution TEM, and the X‐ray absorption fine structure technique shows high homogeneity of the oxide supports and well‐dispersed nanosized Au nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and H2‐tempeature‐programmed reduction show that the surface oxygen species are the main factor for the catalytic activity in the CO oxidation reaction, while the supported Au species can improve the redox properties and create oxygen vacancy sites on the support. The oxidation state of Au is not the main factor governing the activity of Au/doped‐CeO2 catalysts. Additionally, the synergistic effect of Zr and La is discussed.

Enhanced low-temperature NH3-SCR performance of CeTiOx catalyst via surface Mo modification

The effect of molybdenum oxide on the activity and durability of Ce O2-Ti O2 catalyst for NO reduction by NH3 was examined. It was found that the introduction of Mo could improve the low-temperature NH3-SCR activity and SO2/H2 O durability of the Ce O2-Ti O2 catalyst and an optimal loading of Mo was 4?wt.%. The best Mo O3/Ce O2-Ti O2 catalyst displayed over 90% NO conversion from 200 °C to 400 °C and obtained 4-fold increase in NO conversion compared to Ce O2-Ti O2 at 150 °C. The characterization results revealed that the number of Br?nsted acid sites over Mo O3/Ce O2-Ti O2 was significantly increased, and the adsorption of nitrate species was dramatically weakened because of the coverage of Mo O3, which were favorable for the high NH3-SCR performance. It is believed that the Mo O3/Ce O2-Ti O2 catalyst is a suitable substitute for the NH3-SCR reaction.

Synthesis of Ni-CeO_2 catalyst for the partial oxidation of methane using RF thermal plasma

Ni‐CeO2 catalysts with a nickel content of 50 mol% were prepared using RF thermal plasma, and their catalytic activities for methane partial oxidation were characterized. For the synthesis of Ni‐CeO2 catalysts, a precursor containing Ni（～5‐μm diameter） and CeO2（～200‐nm diameter）powders were heated simultaneously using an RF plasma at a power level of ～52 kVA and a powder feeding rate of ～120 g/h. From the X‐ray diffraction data and transmission electron microscopy images, the precursor formed into high crystalline CeO2 supports with nanosized Ni particles（ 50‐nm diameter） on their surfaces. The catalytic performance was evaluated under atmospheric pressure at 500 °C and a CH4：O2 molar ratio of 2：1 with Ar diluent. Although the Ni content was high（～50 mol%）, the experimental results reveal a methane conversion rate of 70%, selectivities of CO and H2 greater than 90% and slight carbon coking during an on‐stream test at 550 °C for 24 h.However, at 750 °C, the on‐stream test revealed the formation of filament‐like carbons with an increased methane conversion rate over 90%.

Determining number of sites on ceria stabilizing single atoms via metal nanoparticle redispersion

Single atom catalysts have recently attracted interest due to their maximization of the utilization of expensive noble metals as well as their unique catalytic properties. Based on its surface atomic properties, CeO2 is one of the most common supports for stabilizing single metal atoms. Many single atom catalysts are limited in their metal contents by the formation of metal nanoparticles once the catalyst support capacity for single atoms has been exceeded. Currently, there are no direct measurements to determine the capacity of a support to stabilize single atoms. In this work we develop a nanoparticle-based technique that allows for quantification of that capacity by redispersing Ru nanoparticles into single atoms and taking advantage of the different catalytic properties of Ru single atoms and nanoparticles in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction. This method avoids complications in metal loading caused by counterions in incipient wetness impregnation and can eventually be applied to a variety of different metals. Results using this technique follow trends in oxygen vacancy concentration and surface oxygen content and show promise as a new method for quantifying support single atom stabilization capacity.

Nano-cerium-element-doped titanium dioxide induces apoptosis of Bel 7402 human hepatoma cells in the presence of visible light

AIM： To investigate the apoptotic effect of photoexcited titanium dioxide （TiO2） nanoparticles in the presence of visible light on human hepatoma cell line （Bel 7402） and to study the underlying mechanism. METHODS： Cerium-element-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles were prepared by impregnation method. Bel 7402 human hepatoma cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium in a humidified incubator with 50 mL/L COL at 37℃. A 15 W fluorescent lamp with continuous wavelength light was used as light source in the photocatalytic test. Fluorescence morphology and agarose gel eletrophoresis pattern were performed to analyze apoptotic cells. RESULTS： The Ce （Ⅳ）-doped TiO2 nanoparticles displayed their superiority. The adsorption edge shifted to the 400-450 nm region. With visible light illuminated for 10 min, 10 μg/cm^3 Ce （lV）-doped TiO2 induced micronuclei and significant apoptosis in 4 and 24 h, respectively. Hochest 33 258 staining of the fixed cells revealed typical apoptotic structures （apoptotic bodies）, agarose gel electrophoresis showed typical DNA ladder pattern in treated cells but not in untreated ones. CONCLUSION： Ce （Ⅳ） doped TiO2 nanoparticles can induce apoptosis of Bel 7402 human hepatoma cells in the presence of visible light.

Activity and selectivity of propane oxidative dehydrogenation over VO_3/CeO_2(111) catalysts: A density functional theory study

The oxidative dehydrogenation（ODH） of propane on monomeric VO3 supported by CeO2（111）（VO3/CeO 2（111）） is studied by periodic density functional theory calculations. Detailed energetic, structural, and electronic properties of these reactions are determined. The calculated activation energies of the breaking of the first and second C–H bonds of propane on the VO3/CeO2（111） catalyst are compared, and it is found that both the unique structural and electronic effects of the VO3/CeO2（111） catalyst contribute to the relatively easy rupture of the first C–H bond of the propane molecule during the ODH reaction. In particular, the so-called new empty localized states that are mainly constituted of O2 porbitals of the ceria-supported VO3 species are determined to be crucial for assisting the cleavage of the first C–H bond of the propane molecule. Following this they become occupied and the remaining C–H bonds become increasingly difficult to break owing to the increasing repulsion between the localized 4 felectrons at the Cecations, resulting in the adsorption of more H and other moieties. This work illustrates that CeO2-supported monomeric vanadium oxides can exhibit unique activity and selectivity for the catalytic ODH of alkanes to alkenes.

Ru surface density effect on ammonia synthesis activity and hydrogen poisoning of ceria-supported Ru catalysts

Evaluating the effect of metal surface density on catalytic performance is critical for designing high-activity metal-based catalysts.In this study,a series of ceria(CeCO_(2))-supported Ru catalysts(Ru/CeCO_(2))were prepared to analyze the effect of Ru surface density on the catalytic performance of Ru/CeCO_(2) for ammonia synthesis.For the Ru/CeCO_(2) catalysts with Ru surface densities lower than 0.68 Ru nm^(-2),the Ru layers were in close contact with CeCO_(2),and electrons were transferred directly from the CeCO_(2) defect sites to the Ru species.In such cases,the adsorption of hydrogen species on the Ru sites in the vicinity of 0 atoms was high,leading to a high ammonia synthesis activity and strong hydrogen poisoning.In contrast,the preferential aggregation of Ru species into large particles on top of the Ru overlayer resulted in the coexistence of Ru clusters and particles,for catalysts with a Ru surface density higher than 1.4 Ru nm^(-2),for which Ru particles were isolated from the direct electronic influence of CeCO_(2).Consequently,the Ru-Ceth interactions were weak,and hydrogen poisoning can be significantly alleviated.Overall,electron transfer and hydrogen adsorption synergistically affected the synthesis of ammonia over Ru/CeCO_(2) catalysts,and catalyst samples with a Ru surface density lower than 0.31 Ru nm^(-2) or exactly 2.1 Ru nm^(-2) exhibited high catalytic activity for ammonia synthesis.

Activity promotion of anti-sintering Au■MgGa_2O_4 using ceria in the water gas shift reaction and catalytic combustion reactions

Heterogeneous gold nanocatalysts have both inspired researchers with their unique catalytic performance and frustrated them due to the contradictions observed in their activities and stabilities.A recent breakthrough has shown that gold nanoparticles(NPs)can retain their catalytically active size over a MgGa2O4 spinel support upon sintering at high temperatures.Herein,we report the catalytic activity of anti-sintering AuGMgGa2O4 for use in water gas shift reaction(WGSR)and catalytic combustion reactions,and the promoting effect of ceria.Upon adding ceria to 800℃-aged AuGMgGa2O4,the CO conversion in the WGSR was increased from ~1.5% to ~34.0% at 450 ℃,and the “light-off” temperatures(T50)for methane combustion and CO oxidation were decreased by ~80 and ~100 ℃,respectively.Characterizations using XRD,HAADF-STEM,EDS mapping,H2-TPR,XPS,and DRIFTs confirmed the proximate contact of Au with ceria and their significant synergistic effect,which thereby combined the benefits of ceria toward the dissociation of H2O or O2 and the Au NPs toward activating CO or CH4.These results show that this stepwise stabilization-activation strategy is efficient for rationally constructing stable and active gold nanocatalysts,which may open up possibilities for the wide application of gold nanocatalysts at elevated temperatures.

Selective C3-alkenylation of oxindole with aldehydes using heterogeneous CeO2 catalyst

We report herein that a commercially available CeO2 is an active and reusable catalyst for the C3-selective alkenylation of oxindole with aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. This catalytic method is generally applicable to different aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, giving 3-alkyledene-oxindoles in high yields(87%–99%) and high stereoselectivities(79%–93% to E-isomers). This is the first example of the catalytic synthesis of 3-alkenyl-oxindoles from oxindole and various aliphatic aldehydes. The Lewis acid-base interaction between Lewis acid sites on CeO2 and benzaldehyde was studied by in situ IR. The structure-activity relationship study using CeO2 catalysts with different sizes suggests that defect-free CeO2 surface is the active site for this reaction.