受控生态生保系统氧气流动及废弃物发酵处理装置设计

目的进行受控生态生命保障系统(controlled ecological life support system,CELSS)氧气流动及废弃物发酵处理研究,解决载人航天工程技术发展中生命保障问题。方法以"人-红萍-鱼"CELSS的氧气流动为着眼点,详细分析了CELSS氧气生产与供应能力,得出氧气盈缺平衡能力。结果在剥离生物可降解废物氧化降解需氧量的情况下,栽培面积50.4 m^2的红萍,可满足2人及100 kg鱼三者共生的CELSS氧气需求。结论发酵型生化反应器与红萍养殖循环系统有机耦合的废弃物发酵处理装置,是降解废弃物、优化系统耗氧、提高物质循环闭合度的一个有效途径。

基于PFC3D的煤堆自燃过程模拟与实现

为了解煤堆自燃过程中的温度场变化、能量迁移和氧气流动情况,基于煤堆的颗粒特性以PFC3D为模拟平台,借助其热力耦合模型,模拟了煤堆的自燃氧化过程,及该过程中的温度场变化和能量迁移;使用极小颗粒模拟氧气的流动及其与煤的反应,并通过FISH实现该过程。结果表明:随模拟时间延长,温度场高温区向煤堆坡面边界水平移动;能量迁移主要发生在靠近低温区的区域,且不同温区交界处迁移最多;高温区移动是由于氧化需氧量的变化、造成对氧的"抽吸"作用而产生的;煤堆内氧颗粒的流动可分为稳定区、杂乱区、微弱区,随着"抽吸"作用的增加,稳定区减小,杂乱区增加,微弱区增加。模拟计算至70 d,煤堆出现大范围高温区域并产生自燃,此时最高温度为362.1 K。

煤氧喷枪中心氧管参数之间的关系

利用等截面管中氧气射流理论公式对影响煤氧喷枪中心氧管氧气流动的主要参数进行计算。计算结果表明：氧气出口马赫数及氧气入口压力与氧管内径、氧气流量、炉内操作压力以及氧气入口温度等因素有关。同时推出计算氧气出口马赫数和氧气入口压力的显式函数公式：Ｍ２＝Ｑ０．８９６３９Ｔ０．４２４８５１ｐ０．８７３３４３Ｄ１．８２７１２×４．３４００７×１０－８ｐ１＝Ｔ０．４９１７９１ｐ０．１３６８１３Ｌ０．３０６４７Ｑ０．８５３５１Δ０．０８０３４Ｄ２．０７７９２×４．

pH variation mechanism of high sulfur-containing bauxite

In order to fundamentally solve the acidification problem of high sulfur-containing bauxite during storage, by simulating the environment of minerals storage in laboratory, the acidification mechanism and influencing factors of high sulfur-containing bauxite were studied and confirmed using the single variable method to control the atmosphere, water and other variables. The results show that the acidification is mostly caused by the oxidation of sulfur-containing bauxite, which is mainly the natural oxidation of Pyrite(Fe S2), then the alkaline minerals dissolute in the presence of water, leading to the acidification phenomenon, which is influenced by moisture and air flow. Finally, more acid-producing substances are formed, resulting in the acidification of high sulfur-containing bauxite. The acidification of high sulfur-containing bauxite results from the combined effect of the oxygen in the air and water, which can be significantly alleviated by controlling the diffusion of the oxygen in air.

CFD simulation of effect of anode configuration on gas–liquid flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell

Numerical simulations of gas–liquid two-phase flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell were conducted to investigate the effects of anode configurations on the bath flow, gas volume fraction and alumina content distributions. An Euler–Euler two-fluid model was employed coupled with a species transport equation for alumina content. Three different anode configurations such as anode without a slot, anode with a longitudinal slot and anode with a transversal slot were studied in the simulation. The simulation results clearly show that the slots can reduce the bath velocity and promote the releasing of the anode gas, but can not contribute to the uniformity of the alumina content. Comparisons of the effects between the longitudinal and transversal slots indicate that the longitudinal slot is better in terms of gas–liquid flow but is disadvantageous for alumina mixing and transport process due to a decrease of anode gas under the anode bottom surface. It is demonstrated from the simulations that the mixing and transfer characteristics of alumina are controlled to great extent by the anode gas forces while the electromagnetic forces(EMFs) play the second role.

Start-up and Performance of a Novel Reactor----Jet Biogas Inter-loop Anaerobic Fluidized Bed

A novel anaerobic reactor, jet biogas inter-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JBILAFB）, was designed and constructed. The start-up and performance of the reactor was investigated in the Process. of .artificial glucose wastewater treatment. With the wastewater recycle ratio of 2.5 ： 1, the recycled wastewater with biogas could mix sludge and wastewater in the JBILAFB reactor completely. The start-up of the JBILAFB reactor could be completed in less than 70 d through maintenance of hydraulic retention time （HR^I＂） and stepwise increase of feed total organic carbon （TOC） concentration. After the start-up, with the volumetric TOC loadings of 14.3 kg·m ^-3·d^-1, the TOC removal ratio, the effluent pH, and the volatile fatty acids （VFA）/alkalinity of the JBILAFB reactor were more than 80%, close to 7.0 and less than 0.4, respectively. Moreover, CH4 was produced at more than 70% of the theoretical value, The reactor exhibited high stability under the condition of high volumetric TOC loading. Sludge granules in the JBILAFB reactor were developed during the start-up and their sizes were enlarged with the stepwise increase of volumetric TOC loadings from 0.8 kg.m^-3.d ^-1 to 14.3 kg.m^-3.d^-1. Granules, an offwhite color and a similar spherical shape, were mainly comprised of global-like bacteria. These had good methanogenic activity and settleability, which were formed probably through adhesion of the bacteria. Some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg, Al, etc. were advantageous to the formation of the granules.

Numerical Analysis of Slag Splashing in a Steelmaking Converter

Some variables that influence the slag splashing phenomenon in an oxygen steelmaking converter are numerically analyzed in this work. The effect of lance height, jet velocity, jet exit angle and slag viscosity on the washing and ejection mechanisms of slag splashing is studied employing transient two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. A parameter here called average slag volume fraction is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of the slag splashing efficiency. Besides, a qualitative comparison is made between the computational fluid dynamics results and physical model results from literature.