A two-dimensional and two-phase numerical model is presented for the smolder propagation in a horizontal polyurethane foam. The chemical processes considered include endothermic pyrolysis and exotherrnic oxidation deg...A two-dimensional and two-phase numerical model is presented for the smolder propagation in a horizontal polyurethane foam. The chemical processes considered include endothermic pyrolysis and exotherrnic oxidation degradation of polyurethane foam and exothermic oxidation of char. The governing equations are discretized in space using the finite element method and solved by the software package FEMLAB. Predicted profiles of solid temperature as well as evolutions of solid compositions （including foam, char and ash） are presented at an airflow velocity of 0. 28 cm/s. The computed average smoldering velocity is 0. 021 4 cm/s, and the average maximum temperature is 644. 67 K. Based on the evolutions of solid compositions, the packed bed can be obviously divided into four zones： unreacted zone, fuel pyrolysis and oxidation zone, char oxidation zone and fuel burned-out zone. Simultaneously, the effects of inlet air velocity and fuel properties （including thermal conductivity, specific heat, density and pore diameter） are studied on the smoldering propagation. The results show that the smoldering velocity and temperature have a roughly linear increase with increasing inlet air velocity; the fuel density is the most important factor in determining smoldering propagation; radiation has a non-negligible role on the smoldering velocity for larger pore diameters of porous material. The computational results are compared with the experimental data and a general agreement is reached.展开更多
为提高航天用液氨类齿轮泵的使役性能及在机械泵驱动两相回路(MPTL)中的匹配性能,研究了基于该两相回路的用泵特点并精确计算了泵的容积效率,由泵输出流量、容积效率的输出特性得出泵转速的使役特性并进行实例运算及灵敏度分析。结果表...为提高航天用液氨类齿轮泵的使役性能及在机械泵驱动两相回路(MPTL)中的匹配性能,研究了基于该两相回路的用泵特点并精确计算了泵的容积效率,由泵输出流量、容积效率的输出特性得出泵转速的使役特性并进行实例运算及灵敏度分析。结果表明:液氨类介质泵的容积效率一般比较低;泵的输出流量具有与转速的正线性、压差的负线性、介质黏度的负反相关的比例特性;泵的容积效率具有与压差/转速的负线性相关特性,适宜于高速、轻载工况;泵的使役转速具有与MPTL回路流量的正线性、回路压差的负线性、回路介质黏度的负反相关的比例特性,宜用于压差/转速(流量)恒定的回路工况;案例的介质黏度小于0.00419 Pa s的区域为压差敏感的低黏度区,否则为流量敏感黏度区。所得结论为液氨类航天用泵的进一步研究与开发,提供了理论依据。展开更多
The electrical, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of fluorine-containing alicyclic polyimides have been investigated. It was shown that the minimum value of the dielectric constant 1.91 at room temperature a...The electrical, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of fluorine-containing alicyclic polyimides have been investigated. It was shown that the minimum value of the dielectric constant 1.91 at room temperature and 1 kHz frequency was achieved for polymers containing only one fluorine atom in the structure. The dielectric loss tangent of new polymers was （I -4）~ 103. Electro-physical parameters were stable during polymer heating up to 300 ~C, and at the frequency from 1 to 20 kHz. Resistivity by heating in the air up to 320-380 ~C has been investigated depending on the polyimides structure. The coefficient of moisture absorption for the fluorine-containing polyimide based on dianhydride with 4,4＇-oxydianiline was determined at 50% humidity and 25 ℃. It was around 0.6, but after immersion in the water for 24 and 48 h was 0.8% and 1.2%, respectively. Manufactured films had tensile strength to 160-170 MPa, and elongation up to 55%.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No50476073)
文摘A two-dimensional and two-phase numerical model is presented for the smolder propagation in a horizontal polyurethane foam. The chemical processes considered include endothermic pyrolysis and exotherrnic oxidation degradation of polyurethane foam and exothermic oxidation of char. The governing equations are discretized in space using the finite element method and solved by the software package FEMLAB. Predicted profiles of solid temperature as well as evolutions of solid compositions （including foam, char and ash） are presented at an airflow velocity of 0. 28 cm/s. The computed average smoldering velocity is 0. 021 4 cm/s, and the average maximum temperature is 644. 67 K. Based on the evolutions of solid compositions, the packed bed can be obviously divided into four zones： unreacted zone, fuel pyrolysis and oxidation zone, char oxidation zone and fuel burned-out zone. Simultaneously, the effects of inlet air velocity and fuel properties （including thermal conductivity, specific heat, density and pore diameter） are studied on the smoldering propagation. The results show that the smoldering velocity and temperature have a roughly linear increase with increasing inlet air velocity; the fuel density is the most important factor in determining smoldering propagation; radiation has a non-negligible role on the smoldering velocity for larger pore diameters of porous material. The computational results are compared with the experimental data and a general agreement is reached.
文摘为提高航天用液氨类齿轮泵的使役性能及在机械泵驱动两相回路(MPTL)中的匹配性能,研究了基于该两相回路的用泵特点并精确计算了泵的容积效率,由泵输出流量、容积效率的输出特性得出泵转速的使役特性并进行实例运算及灵敏度分析。结果表明:液氨类介质泵的容积效率一般比较低;泵的输出流量具有与转速的正线性、压差的负线性、介质黏度的负反相关的比例特性;泵的容积效率具有与压差/转速的负线性相关特性,适宜于高速、轻载工况;泵的使役转速具有与MPTL回路流量的正线性、回路压差的负线性、回路介质黏度的负反相关的比例特性,宜用于压差/转速(流量)恒定的回路工况;案例的介质黏度小于0.00419 Pa s的区域为压差敏感的低黏度区,否则为流量敏感黏度区。所得结论为液氨类航天用泵的进一步研究与开发,提供了理论依据。
文摘The electrical, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of fluorine-containing alicyclic polyimides have been investigated. It was shown that the minimum value of the dielectric constant 1.91 at room temperature and 1 kHz frequency was achieved for polymers containing only one fluorine atom in the structure. The dielectric loss tangent of new polymers was （I -4）~ 103. Electro-physical parameters were stable during polymer heating up to 300 ~C, and at the frequency from 1 to 20 kHz. Resistivity by heating in the air up to 320-380 ~C has been investigated depending on the polyimides structure. The coefficient of moisture absorption for the fluorine-containing polyimide based on dianhydride with 4,4＇-oxydianiline was determined at 50% humidity and 25 ℃. It was around 0.6, but after immersion in the water for 24 and 48 h was 0.8% and 1.2%, respectively. Manufactured films had tensile strength to 160-170 MPa, and elongation up to 55%.
